Are Psychological Distress and Resilience Associated with Dietary Intake Among Australian University Students?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Participants and Recruitment
2.3. Measures
2.3.1. Dietary Intake
2.3.2. Psychological Distress
2.3.3. Resilience
2.3.4. Socio-Demographic and Student Characteristics
2.3.5. Health Behaviours
2.3.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Summary of Sample Characteristics
3.2. Summary of Psychological Distress and Resilience
3.3. Associations between Psychological Distress and Resilience with Dietary Intake
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | N or Mean | % or SD | K10 Score a (Mean ± SD) | BRS Score b (Mean ± SD) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender *,† | ||||
Male | 824 | 30.4 | 19.5 ± 7.5 | 3.5 ± 0.8 |
Female | 1872 | 69.1 | 21.0 ± 7.9 | 3.2 ± 0.8 |
Another gender identity | 14 | 0.5 | 25.2 ± 7.7 | 3.0 ± 0.7 |
Age (years) (Mean ± SD) *,† | 26.9 | 9.5 | ||
≤20 years old | 688 | 25.4 | 21.9 ± 8.1 | 3.2 ± 0.8 |
21–24 years | 841 | 31.0 | 21.4 ± 7.7 | 3.2 ± 0.8 |
25–29 years | 475 | 17.5 | 21.2 ± 8.2 | 3.3 ± 0.8 |
30–39 years | 398 | 14.7 | 18.7 ± 7.0 | 3.4 ± 0.8 |
≥40 years | 308 | 11.4 | 16.9 ± 6.2 | 3.6 ± 0.8 |
Country of birth c,*,† | ||||
Australia | 2215 | 82.0 | 21.0 ± 7.9 | 3.3 ± 0.8 |
Other | 486 | 18.0 | 18.6 ± 7.3 | 3.4 ± 0.8 |
Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander background *,† | ||||
Yes | 75 | 2.8 | 24.1 ± 9.6 | 3.0 ± 1.0 |
No | 2635 | 97.2 | 20.5 ± 7.7 | 3.3 ± 0.8 |
Marital Status *,† | ||||
Never married | 1858 | 68.6 | 21.4 ± 8.0 | 3.2 ± 0.8 |
Married | 458 | 16.9 | 17.3 ± 6.0 | 3.5 ± 0.8 |
Defacto | 287 | 10.6 | 20.6 ± 7.6 | 3.0 ± 0.9 |
Separated | 35 | 1.3 | 21.2 ± 9.8 | 3.5 ± 0.9 |
Divorced | 67 | 2.5 | 20.2 ± 8.9 | 3.5 ± 0.8 |
Widowed | 5 | 0.2 | 13.6 ± 3.4 | 4.3 ± 0.6 |
Living Situation *,† | ||||
Own home | 410 | 15.1 | 17.4 ± 6.1 | 3.6 ± 0.8 |
Parents home | 900 | 33.2 | 21.6 ± 7.7 | 3.2 ± 0.8 |
On-campus | 223 | 8.2 | 20.8 ± 7.7 | 3.3 ± 0.8 |
Renting | 1099 | 40.6 | 20.7 ± 8.0 | 3.3 ± 0.8 |
Boarding/Homestay | 53 | 2.0 | 23.5 ± 9.3 | 3.1 ± 0.9 |
Irregular | 25 | 0.9 | 25.1 ± 9.9 | 2.9 ± 0.9 |
Receiving financial support *,† | ||||
Yes | 1700 | 62.7 | 21.1 ± 7.9 | 3.2 ± 0.8 |
No | 1010 | 37.3 | 19.7 ± 7.6 | 3.4 ± 0.8 |
Type of degree *,† | ||||
Undergraduate | 1917 | 70.7 | 21.2 ± 7.9 | 3.3 ± 0.8 |
Postgraduate | 591 | 21.8 | 17.9 ± 6.5 | 3.5 ± 0.8 |
Other d | 202 | 7.5 | 22.2 ± 9.0 | 3.2 ± 0.8 |
Faculty of Study *,† | ||||
Business and Law | 363 | 13.4 | 20.1 ± 7.7 | 3.4 ± 0.8 |
Education and Arts | 663 | 24.5 | 21.8 ± 8.4 | 3.2 ± 0.8 |
Engineering | 327 | 12.1 | 20.3 ± 7.4 | 3.4 ± 0.8 |
Health and Medicine | 839 | 31.0 | 19.3 ± 7.1 | 3.4 ± 0.8 |
Science | 370 | 13.7 | 21.2 ± 7.8 | 3.3 ± 0.8 |
English Language and Foundation Studies | 148 | 5.5 | 22.8 ± 9.1 | 3.1 ± 0.8 |
Number of years studying | ||||
1st year | 1055 | 38.9 | 21.0 ± 8.0 | 3.3 ± 0.8 |
2nd year | 553 | 20.4 | 20.5 ± 8.0 | 3.3 ± 0.9 |
3rd year | 530 | 19.6 | 20.4 ± 7.6 | 3.3 ± 0.8 |
4th year | 299 | 11.0 | 20.3 ± 7.3 | 3.4 ± 0.8 |
5th year or later | 273 | 10.1 | 20.1 ± 7.7 | 3.3 ± 0.8 |
Physical activity (mins/week) (Mean ± SD) *,† | 350 | 307 | ||
Meeting physical activity recommendations *,† | ||||
Yes | 1685 | 62.2 | 20.0 ± 7.7 | 3.2 ± 0.8 |
No | 1025 | 37.8 | 21.5 ± 8.0 | 3.4 ± 0.8 |
Smoking Status *,† | ||||
Smoker | 182 | 6.7 | 23.9 ± 8.9 | 3.1 ± 0.9 |
Non-Smoker | 2528 | 93.3 | 20.3 ± 7.7 | 3.3 ± 0.8 |
Sleep (hours/24h period) (Mean ± SD) * | 7 | 1 | ||
Meeting sleep recommendations *,† | ||||
No | 691 | 25.5 | 22.8 ± 8.8 | 3.2 ± 0.9 |
Yes | 2019 | 74.5 | 19.8 ± 7.3 | 3.3 ± 0.8 |
Average sitting time (mins/day) *,† (Mean ± SD) | 494 | 283 | ||
AUDIT score (Mean ± SD) *,† | 5.2 | 5.2 | ||
AUDIT classification *,† | ||||
Abstinence/low risk | 2027 | 74.8 | 20.0 ± 7.7 | 3.3 ± 0.8 |
Moderate risk | 549 | 20.3 | 21.9 ± 7.8 | 3.3 ± 0.8 |
Harmful/hazardous use | 75 | 2.8 | 23.6 ± 8.5 | 3.1 ± 0.8 |
Dependence | 59 | 2.2 | 26.0 ± 8.9 | 3.0 ± 0.9 |
DUDIT score (Mean ± SD) *,† | 1.1 | 3.3 | ||
DUDIT classification e,*,† | ||||
No drug related problems | 2301 | 85.4 | 20.1 ± 7.7 | 3.3 ± 0.8 |
Drug related problems | 384 | 14.2 | 23.0 ± 7.7 | 3.1 ± 0.8 |
Heavily dependent on drugs | 11 | 0.4 | 35.9 ± 8.7 | 2.2 ± 1.0 |
BMI (kg/m2) (Mean ± SD) *,† | 25.2 | 5.9 | ||
BMI cut points *,† | ||||
<18 kg/m2: Underweight | 131 | 4.8 | 21.4 ± 8.5 | 3.2 ± 0.9 |
18–24.9 kg/m2: Healthy weight | 1517 | 56.0 | 19.9 ± 7.4 | 3.3 ± 0.8 |
3.325–29.9 kg/m2: Overweight | 640 | 23.6 | 20.6 ± 7.9 | 3.3 ± 0.8 |
>30 kg/m2: Obese | 422 | 15.6 | 22.7 ± 8.7 | 3.2 ± 0.9 |
Variable | N | % | K10 Score a (Mean ± SD) | BRS Score b (Mean ± SD) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Vegetable (serves/day) *,† | ||||
0 | 12 | 0.4 | 23.8 ± 6.4 | 3.2 ± 0.8 |
<1 | 195 | 7.2 | 22.5 ± 8.7 | 3.1 ± 0.9 |
1 | 437 | 16.1 | 21.4 ± 8.5 | 3.2 ± 0.8 |
2 | 738 | 27.2 | 20.8 ± 7.7 | 3.3 ± 0.8 |
3 | 644 | 23.8 | 20.3 ± 7.4 | 3.3 ± 0.8 |
4 | 369 | 13.6 | 20.0 ± 7.4 | 3.4 ± 0.8 |
5 | 184 | 6.8 | 19.3 ± 7.3 | 3.4 ± 0.8 |
6 or more | 131 | 4.8 | 18.4 ± 7.6 | 3.6 ± 0.9 |
Fruit (serves/day) *,† | ||||
0 | 70 | 2.6 | 23.4 ± 8.8 | 3.3 ± 1.0 |
<1 | 447 | 16.5 | 22.0 ± 8.6 | 3.2 ± 0.9 |
1 | 811 | 29.9 | 20.8 ± 7.7 | 3.3 ± 0.8 |
2 | 828 | 30.6 | 19.9 ± 7.4 | 3.3 ± 0.8 |
3 | 378 | 14.0 | 19.9 ± 7.7 | 3.4 ± 0.8 |
4 | 112 | 4.1 | 19.8 ± 7.0 | 3.4 ± 0.8 |
5 | 33 | 1.2 | 19.2 ± 8.4 | 3.4 ± 0.9 |
6 or more | 31 | 1.1 | 20.4 ± 9.1 | 3.3 ± 1.0 |
Soft drink *,† | ||||
1 cup or less per week | 2006 | 74.0 | 19.9 ± 7.4 | 3.3 ± 0.8 |
2–6 cups per week | 514 | 19.0 | 22.0 ± 8.2 | 3.2 ± 0.8 |
1 cup per day | 99 | 3.7 | 23.7 ± 9.1 | 3.0 ± 0.8 |
2 or more cups per day | 91 | 3.4 | 24.1 ± 9.8 | 3.0 ± 0.8 |
Takeaway food *,† | ||||
Less than once per week | 1879 | 69.3 | 19.7 ± 7.5 | 3.4 ± 0.8 |
1–2 times per week | 673 | 24.8 | 22.2 ± 8.2 | 3.2 ± 0.8 |
3–4 times per week | 132 | 4.9 | 23.2 ± 7.9 | 3.1 ± 0.8 |
5–6 times per week | 23 | 0.9 | 25.9 ± 10.4 | 2.9 ± 0.8 |
Everyday | 3 | 0.1 | 34.7 ± 9.5 | 3.1 ± 1.0 |
Breakfast *,† | ||||
Less than once per week | 268 | 9.9 | 23.9 ± 9.3 | 3.1 ± 0.8 |
1–2 times per week | 234 | 8.6 | 22.0 ± 8.2 | 3.3 ± 0.8 |
3–4 times per week | 299 | 11.0 | 21.5 ± 8.3 | 3.2 ± 0.8 |
5–6 times per week | 332 | 12.3 | 21.6 ± 7.4 | 3.2 ± 0.8 |
Everyday | 1577 | 58.2 | 19.4 ± 7.2 | 3.4 ± 0.8 |
Psychological Distress Score | Resilience Score | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β-Coefficient a | SE | p | β-Coefficient a | SE | p | |
Vegetable (serves/day) | −0.368 | 0.096 | <0.001 b | 0.055 | 0.010 | <0.001 d |
Fruit (serves/day) | −0.374 | 0.113 | 0.001 b | 0.028 | 0.012 | 0.022 e |
Soft drink | <0.001 c | <0.001 f | ||||
Reference category = 1 cup or less per week | ||||||
2–6 cups per week | 1.409 | 0.360 | <0.001 | −0.095 | 0.039 | 0.014 |
1 cup per day | 2.471 | 0.742 | 0.001 | −0.223 | 0.080 | 0.005 |
2 or more cups per day | 2.387 | 0.785 | 0.002 | −0.235 | 0.084 | 0.005 |
Takeaway food | <0.001 b | 0.001 e | ||||
Reference category = Less than once per week | ||||||
1–2 times per week | 1.441 | 0.332 | <0.001 | −0.124 | 0.035 | <0.001 |
3–4 times per week | 1.279 | 0.661 | 0.053 | −0.129 | 0.071 | 0.069 |
5–6 times per week | 3.613 | 1.514 | 0.017 | −0.380 | 0.162 | 0.019 |
Everyday | 9.494 | 4.162 | 0.023 | 0.031 | 0.446 | 0.944 |
Breakfast | <0.001 | 0.005 e | ||||
Reference category = Less than once per week | ||||||
1–2 times per week | −1.228 | 0.637 | 0.054 | 0.137 | 0.069 | 0.046 |
3–4 times per week | −2.078 | 0.599 | 0.001 | 0.076 | 0.064 | 0.237 |
5–6 times per week | −1.780 | 0.588 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.063 | 0.978 |
Everyday | −3.004 | 0.481 | <0.001 | 0.142 | 0.051 | 0.006 |
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Whatnall, M.C.; Patterson, A.J.; Siew, Y.Y.; Kay-Lambkin, F.; Hutchesson, M.J. Are Psychological Distress and Resilience Associated with Dietary Intake Among Australian University Students? Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 4099. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214099
Whatnall MC, Patterson AJ, Siew YY, Kay-Lambkin F, Hutchesson MJ. Are Psychological Distress and Resilience Associated with Dietary Intake Among Australian University Students? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(21):4099. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214099
Chicago/Turabian StyleWhatnall, Megan C., Amanda J. Patterson, Yu Yao Siew, Frances Kay-Lambkin, and Melinda J. Hutchesson. 2019. "Are Psychological Distress and Resilience Associated with Dietary Intake Among Australian University Students?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 21: 4099. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214099