Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Comprehensive Smoke-Free Legislation in Indoor Public Places in Shanghai, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Procedure
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sample Characteristics
3.2. Comparation of Observational Items before and after Legislation
3.3. Change of Evidence of Smoking and Density of Cigarettes after Legislation in Different Venues and Districts.
3.4. PM2.5 Concentrations
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Site | Inspection Point | Number | Time |
---|---|---|---|
Office building | Staircase/male toilet | 20/20 | 10:00–11:30 |
Restaurant | Main hall/male toilet | 19/19 | 11:30–14:00 17:00–19:00 |
Bar | Main hall/male toilet | 19/19 | 21:00–23:00 |
Gaming room | Main hall/male toilet | 20/0 | 15:30–17:00 |
Hotel | Lobby/male toilet | 20/0 | 14:00–15:30 |
KTV | Corridor/male toilet | 20/20 | 19:00–21:00 |
Farmer’s market | Main hall/male toilet | 19/0 | 8:00–10:00 |
Bus and railway station | Waiting hall/male toilet | 8/8 | 10:00–17:00 |
Observational Items. | Time | p 1 | p 2 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Before Legislation | Three Months Later | One Year Later | ||||
Evidence of smoking (% (N)) | Tobacco smell | 53.8 (78) | 29.2 (42) | 29.7 (43) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Cigarette butts | 43.7 (62) | 29.7 (43) | 26.6 (38) | 0.003 | <0.001 | |
Lit cigarettes | 52.4 (76) | 40.7 (59) | 31.0 (45) * | 0.020 | <0.001 | |
Any | 66.2 (94) | 52.8 (76) | 49.7 (71) | 0.002 | <0.001 | |
Density of lit cigarettes (mean/median (IR)) N = 122 | 5.99/1.23 | 2.71/0.00 | 1.50/0.00 | 0.005 | <0.001 | |
(0.00~8.37) | (0.00~2.49) | (0.00~0. 93) | ||||
Number of people (mean/median (IR)) N = 127 | 34.35/18.00 | 32.48/19.00 | 30.32/17.25 | 0.474 | 0.115 | |
(7.00~43.75) | (7.25~32.00) | (6.25~37.0) | ||||
Performance of obligation (% (N)) | Posting no-smoking signs | 73.8 (107) | 88.3 (128) | 91.0 (132) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Have no smoking section | 95.8 (138) | 98.6 (142) | 98.6 (143) | 0.126 | 0.124 | |
Have no ashtray and ashtray equivalents | 66.9 (95) | 84.1 (116) | 89.0 (129) | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
All | 51.1 (72) | 73.6(103) | 80.0(116) | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
Smoking in toilet (% (N)) | 48.2 (40) | 35.4 (29) | 46.3 (38) | 0.075 | 0.800 | |
Smoking at doorway (% (N)) | 21.5 (31) | 29.6 (42) | 39.3 (57) * | 0.096 | <0.001 |
Evidence of Smoking (%) | Density of Lit Cigarettes (Mean/Median (IR)) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Perform of Obligation | Both Comply all | Neither Comply all | Increase from Baseline | Decrease from Baseline | Both Comply all | Neither Comply all | Increase from Baseline | Decrease from Baseline |
Before legislation | 59.6 | 85.2 | 70.0 | 40.0 | 3.84/0.00 | 14.50/10.73 | 6.91/1.27 | 1.32/0.00 |
(0.00~2.94) | (3.95~18.75) | (0.00~9.50) | (0.00~2.17) | |||||
Three months later | 42.1 | 81.5 | 45.0 | 60.0 | 0.67/0.00 | 7.75/7.41 | 2.34/0.00 | 1.82/0.00 |
(0.00~0.77) | (1.59~14.29) | (0.00~0.92) | (0.00~2.77) | |||||
p 1 | 0.031 | 1.000 | 0.013 | 0.500 | 0.002 | 0.136 | 0.003 | 0.593 |
(N) | (N = 57) | (N = 27) | (N = 40) | (N = 10) | (N = 50) | (N = 23) | (N = 38) | (N = 9) |
Before legislation | 55.7 | 89.5 | 70.8 | 55.6 | 1.54/0.00 | 17.44/13.03 | 7.01/3.85 | 2.79/0.00 |
(0.00~2.61) | (6.41~24.11) | (0.00~9.86) | (0.00~6.25) | |||||
One year later | 47.5 | 78.9 | 43.8 | 55.6 | 0.80/0.00 | 3.83/1.03 | 1.44/0.00 | 1.37/0.00 |
(0.00~0.94) | (0.00~8.40) | (0.00~0.00) | (0.00~1.36) | |||||
p 2 | 0.332 | 0.500 | 0.004 | 1.000 | 0.031 | 0.001 | <0.001 | 0.225 |
(N) | (N = 61) | (N = 19) | (N = 48) | (N = 9) | (N = 53) | (N = 18) | (N = 47) | (N = 9) |
Venue | No Lit Cigarettes in all of Three Times (% (N)) | Before Legislation | Three Months Later | One Year Later | p 1 | p 2 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Farmer’s market | Evidence of smoking (% (N)) | 94.4 (17) | 94.7 (18) | 88.9 (16) | 0.969 | 0.554 | |
Density of lit cigarettes (mean/median (IR)) N = 18 | 0.0 (0) | 3.02/2.69 (1.28~4.03) | 1.12/0.71 (0.51~1.45) | 1.55/1.31 (0.00~2.55) | 0.002 | 0.008 | |
Hotel | Evidence of smoking (% (N)) | 40.0 (8) | 21.1 (4) | 10.0 (2) | 0.149 | 0.065 | |
Density of lit cigarettes (mean/median (IR)) N = 18 | 66.7 (12) | 1.47/0.00 (0.00~0.96) | 1.19/0.00 (0.00~0.00) | 0.04/0.00 (0.00~0.00) | 0.934 | 0.560 | |
Bar | Evidence of smoking (% (N)) | 83.3 (15) | 78.9 (15) | 63.2 (12) | 0.802 | 0.163 | |
Density of lit cigarettes (mean/median (IR)) N = 16 | 0.6(1) | 17.46/14.53 (4.79~23.52) | 4.79/3.24 (0.00~8.10) | 5.44/0.44 (0.00~11.77) | 0.077 | 0.052 | |
Office building | Evidence of smoking (% (N)) | 90.0(18) | 50.0(10) | 70.0(14) | 0.014 | 0.116 | |
Density of lit cigarettes (mean/median (IR)) N = 16 | 43.8(7) | 8.14/2.58 (0.00~8.82) | 2.19/0.00 (0.00~3.14) | 0.62/0.00 (0.00~0.00) | 0.289 | 0.034 | |
Restaurant | Evidence of smoking (% (N)) | 52.6 (10) | 21.1 (4) | 27.8 (5) | 0.035 | 0.099 | |
Density of lit cigarettes (mean/median (IR)) N = 17 | 58.9(10) | 3.54/0.00 (0.00~5.15) | 0.25/0.00 (0.00~0.00) | 0.64/0.00 (0.00~0.00) | 0.123 | 0.198 | |
KTV | Evidence of smoking (% (N)) | 60.0 (12) | 60.0 (12) | 55.0 (11) | 1.000 | 0.699 | |
Density of lit cigarettes (mean/median (IR)) N = 17 | 47.1(8) | 1.81/0.00 (0.00~1.92) | 5.34/0.00 (0.00~6.20) | 0.28/0.00 (0.00~0.33) | 0.391 | 0.932 | |
Gaming room | Evidence of smoking (% (N)) | 65.0 (13) | 55.0 (11) | 36.8 (7) | 0.273 | 0.055 | |
Density of lit cigarettes (mean/median (IR)) N = 20 | 35.0 (7) | 7.43/7.42 (0.00~14.89) | 4.10/0.39 (0.00~8.33) | 2.07/0.00 (0.00~1.93) | 0.385 | 0.082 | |
Railway and bus station | Evidence of smoking (% (N)) | 14.3 (1) | 25.0 (2) | 25.0 (2) | 0.609 | 0.609 | |
District | |||||||
Urban | Evidence of smoking (% (N)) | 60.5 (69) | 51.3 (59) | 45.6 (52) | 0.061 | 0.005 | |
Density of lit cigarettes (mean/median (IR)) N = 95 | 37.9(36) | 5.68/1.00 (0.00~0.080) | 2.50/0.00 (0.00~2.00) | 1.34/0.00 (0.00~1.00) | <0.001 | 0.007 | |
Suburb | Evidence of smoking (% (N)) | 89.3 (25) | 58.6 (17) | 62.1 (18) | 0.008 | 0.013 | |
Density of lit cigarettes (mean/median (IR)) N = 27 | 29.7(8) | 7.22/3.00 (0.00~10.00) | 3.52/1.00 (0.00~6.00) | 2.15/0.00 (0.00~3.00) | 0.276 | 0.048 |
Indoor PM2.5 Value | Toilet PM2.5 Value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B 1 | S.E. 2 | p-value | B 1 | S.E. 2 | p-value | |
Intercept | −2.30 | 0.14 | < 0.001 | −1.52 | 0.22 | <0.001 |
Legislation (reference = before legislation) | ||||||
Three months later | −0.27 | 0.08 | < 0.001 | 0.01 | 0.18 | 0.954 |
One year later | −0.12 | 0.03 | < 0.001 | 0.45 | 0.12 | <0.001 |
Outdoor PM2.5 value | 5.67 | 0.74 | < 0.001 | 2.29 | 1.41 | 0.107 |
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Wei, Y.; Borland, R.; Zheng, P.; Fu, H.; Wang, F.; He, J.; Feng, Y. Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Comprehensive Smoke-Free Legislation in Indoor Public Places in Shanghai, China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 4019. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16204019
Wei Y, Borland R, Zheng P, Fu H, Wang F, He J, Feng Y. Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Comprehensive Smoke-Free Legislation in Indoor Public Places in Shanghai, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(20):4019. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16204019
Chicago/Turabian StyleWei, Yanxia, Ron Borland, Pinpin Zheng, Hua Fu, Fan Wang, Jingyi He, and Yitian Feng. 2019. "Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Comprehensive Smoke-Free Legislation in Indoor Public Places in Shanghai, China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 20: 4019. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16204019