Spatial Patterns of Potentially Hazardous Metals in Soils of Lin’an City, Southeastern China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Soil Sampling and Analysis
2.3. Pollution Assessment Methods for PHMs
2.4. Potential Ecological Risk Assessment
2.5. Geostatistical Analysis
2.6. Data Analysis with Computer Software
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Descriptive Statistics of the Raw-Data Sets
3.2. Assessment of PHMs Pollution in Soils
3.3. Ecological Risk Assessment
3.4. Correlation and Principal Component Analyses
3.5. Spatial Structures of PHMs
3.6. Spatial Distribution Pattern of PHMs and Physicochemical Properties in Soils
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Min | Max | Median | Mean | SD | CV/% | Skew | Kurt | Geometric Mean | Background Value a |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MnTotal | 88.16 | 2248.31 | 397.33 | 439.42 | 305.37 | 69.49 | 3.61 | 20 | 371.99 | 555.48 |
CuTota | 11.73 | 123.63 | 37.47 | 42.23 | 21.66 | 51.29 | 1.73 | 4.13 | 37.8 | 30.54 |
ZnTotal | 67.49 | 872.19 | 158 | 196.8 | 142.76 | 72.54 | 2.59 | 8.46 | 165.73 | 107.79 |
PbTotal | 7.61 | 1259.62 | 30.94 | 62.55 | 167.95 | 268.51 | 6.55 | 45.27 | 34.44 | 30.46 |
CrTotal | 18.87 | 311.37 | 51.13 | 63.65 | 53.89 | 84.67 | 3.78 | 14.61 | 54.11 | 55.99 |
CdTotal | 0.02 | 1.12 | 0.09 | 0.22 | 0.15 | 68.2 | 5.1 | 33.1 | 0.09 | 0.13 |
pH | 4.64 | 7.33 | 5.81 | 5.66 | 0.94 | 16.61 | -0.83 | 0.67 | 5.57 | — |
EC | 10 | 460 | 0.16 | 166.72 | 71.83 | 43.08 | 1.49 | 4.63 | 150.64 | — |
Mnavai | 4.59 | 102.95 | 34.53 | 38.41 | 24.4 | 63.53 | 0.83 | 0.11 | 30.63 | — |
Cuavail. | 0.01 | 14.97 | 1.89 | 2.57 | 2.6 | 91.17 | 2.38 | 7.82 | 1.49 | — |
Znavail. | 0.11 | 66.55 | 9.43 | 13.46 | 12.81 | 95.17 | 1.94 | 4.4 | 8.89 | — |
Pbavail. | 0.07 | 98.25 | 2.91 | 6.01 | 13.47 | 224.13 | 5.83 | 37.85 | 2.35 | — |
Cravail. | 0.04 | 0.67 | 0.16 | 0.17 | 0.13 | 76.47 | 1.76 | 3.49 | 0.14 | — |
Cdavail. | 0.01 | 0.84 | 0.07 | 0.09 | 0.11 | 122.22 | 5.12 | 33.47 | 0.07 | — |
Elements | Background Values as Critical Value in Zhejiang Province | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | Minimum | Maximum | Pollution Ratio (%) | |
Mn | 0.71 | 0.14 | 3.62 | 16.39 |
Cu | 1.38 | 0.38 | 4.05 | 67.21 |
Zn | 1.83 | 0.63 | 8.09 | 78.69 |
Pb | 2.05 | 0.25 | 41.35 | 52.46 |
Cr | 1.14 | 0.34 | 5.56 | 37.70 |
Cd | 0.96 | 0.12 | 8.62 | 32.79 |
Degree of Pollution | Clean PN < 0.7 | Precaution Level 0.7 < PN < 1 | Light Pollution 1 < PN < 2 | Moderate Pollution 2 < PN < 3 | Heavy Pollution PN > 3 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of samples | 0 | 12 | 34 | 9 | 7 |
Percentage (%) | 0 | 20 | 55 | 15 | 11 |
Elements | Ratio of Samples with Different Degree of Risk (%) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Slight | Moderate | Strong | Very Strong | Extremely Strong | ||
Mn | 0.71 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Cu | 6.91 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Zn | 1.83 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Pb | 10.27 | 98.36 | 0 | 1.64 | 0 | 0 |
Cr | 2.27 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Cd | 28.73 | 78.69 | 19.67 | 0 | 1.64 | 0 |
Variable | MnTotal | CuTotal | ZnTotal | PbTotal | CrTotal | CrTotal | pH | CEC | Mnavail | Cuavail | Znavail | Pbavail | Cravail |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CuTotal | 0.47 ** | ||||||||||||
ZnTotal | 0.48 ** | 0.75 ** | |||||||||||
PbTotal | 0.34 * | 0.85 ** | 0.68 ** | ||||||||||
CrTotal | 0.18 | 0.35 ** | 0.39 ** | 0.13 | |||||||||
CdTotal | 0.35 ** | 0.58 ** | 0.64 ** | 049 ** | 0.10 | ||||||||
pH | 0.27 * | 0.25 * | 0.39 ** | 0.41 ** | −0.15 | 0.26 * | |||||||
CEC | 0.06 | 0.13 | 0.26 * | 0.20 | −0.12 | 0.16 | 0.31 * | ||||||
Mnavail | 0.26 * | −0.02 | 0.06 | 0.12 | −0.06 | 0.45 ** | 0.26 * | −0.01 | |||||
Cuavail | −0.04 | 0.24 * | 0.09 | 0.27 * | 0.04 | 0.33 * | −0.04 | 0.11 | 0.38 ** | ||||
Znavail | 0.35 ** | 0.26 * | 0.29 * | 0.46 ** | −0.09 | 0.79 ** | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.49 ** | 0.55 ** | |||
Pbavail | −0.28 * | −0.12 | −0.16 | 0.28 * | 0.01 | 0.34 ** | −0.31 * | −0.11 | 0.31 * | 0.34 ** | 0.39 ** | ||
Cravail | 0.10 | 0.15 | 0.09 | 0.26 * | 0.25 * | −0.10 | 0.20 | 0.18 | 0.47 ** | 0.33 ** | 0.45 ** | 0.46 ** | |
Cdavail | 0.13 | 0.12 | 0.21 | 0.14 | 0.10 | 0.36 ** | −0.10 | 0.10 | 0.03 | 0.23 | 0.24 | 0.05 | 0.09 |
Elements | Principal Component Loading Factor | ||
---|---|---|---|
PC1 (50.32%) | PC2 (28.45%) | PC3 (16.53%) | |
Mn | 0.168 | 0.782 | 0.215 |
Cu | 0.895 | 0.283 | 0.138 |
Zn | 0.821 | 0.196 | 0.241 |
Pb | 0.839 | 0.251 | 0.169 |
Cr | 0.287 | 0.756 | 0.184 |
Cd | 0.282 | 0.179 | 0.786 |
Variable | Model | Nugget (C0) | Sill (C0 + C) | Nugget/Sill [C0/(C0 + C)] | Range (km) | MS | RMSS |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MnTotal | Gaussian | 124.544 | 124,668.444 | 0.10% | 0.005 | −0.072 | 1.015 |
CdTotal | Gaussian | 0.076 | 0.684 | 11.11% | 0.004 | −0.152 | 1.039 |
CuTotal | Exponential | 75.479 | 553.778 | 12.63% | 0.006 | 0.021 | 1.084 |
PbTotal | Gaussian | 42.554 | 42,596.924 | 0.10% | 0.007 | −0.072 | 1.073 |
ZnTotal | Gaussian | 238.042 | 23,034.992 | 1.03% | 0.004 | 0.010 | 1.032 |
CrTotal | Gaussian | 3.296 | 3299.030 | 0.09% | 0.004 | −0.021 | 1.093 |
pH | Exponential | 0.018 | 0.038 | 47.38% | 0.017 | −0.005 | 0.900 |
CEC | Spherical | 0.168 | 0.278 | 56.40% | 0.038 | 0.003 | 0.765 |
Mnavail | Gaussian | 0.201 | 0.588 | 34.18% | 0.011 | −0.001 | 0.739 |
Cuavail | Spherical | 5.854 | 7.496 | 46.09% | 0.006 | 0.010 | 0.960 |
Znavail | Gaussian | 0.540 | 1.275 | 42.35% | 0.007 | −0.001 | 0.939 |
Pbavail | Exponential | 0.529 | 2.540 | 20.83% | 0.006 | 0.010 | 0.908 |
Cdavail | Gaussian | 0.076 | 0.684 | 11.11% | 0.004 | −0.151 | 1.039 |
Cravail | Exponential | 0.291 | 0.592 | 49.15% | 0.012 | −0.013 | 0.880 |
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Yu, S.; Chen, Z.; Zhao, K.; Ye, Z.; Zhang, L.; Dong, J.; Shao, Y.; Zhang, C.; Fu, W. Spatial Patterns of Potentially Hazardous Metals in Soils of Lin’an City, Southeastern China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 246. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16020246
Yu S, Chen Z, Zhao K, Ye Z, Zhang L, Dong J, Shao Y, Zhang C, Fu W. Spatial Patterns of Potentially Hazardous Metals in Soils of Lin’an City, Southeastern China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(2):246. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16020246
Chicago/Turabian StyleYu, Shiying, Zhoulun Chen, Keli Zhao, Zhengqian Ye, Luyao Zhang, Jiaqi Dong, Yangfeng Shao, Chaosheng Zhang, and Weijun Fu. 2019. "Spatial Patterns of Potentially Hazardous Metals in Soils of Lin’an City, Southeastern China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 2: 246. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16020246