Importance of Agility Performance in Professional Futsal Players; Reliability and Applicability of Newly Developed Testing Protocols
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Procedures
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Reliability of the Tests
4.2. Validity of the Tests
4.3. Limitations and Strengths
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Schram, B.; Orr, R.; Pope, R.; Hinton, B.; Norris, G. Comparing the Effects of Different Body Armor Systems on the Occupational Performance of Police Officers. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 893. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sattler, T.; Sekulic, D.; Hadzic, V.; Uljevic, O.; Dervisevic, E. Vertical jumping tests in volleyball: Reliability, validity, and playing-position specifics. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2012, 26, 1532–1538. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Uljevic, O.; Esco, M.R.; Sekulic, D. Reliability, validity, and applicability of isolated and combined sport-specific tests of conditioning capacities in top-level junior water polo athletes. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2014, 28, 1595–1605. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Uljevic, O.; Spasic, M.; Sekulic, D. Sport-Specific Motor Fitness Tests in Water Polo: Reliability, Validity and Playing Position Differences. J. Sport Sci. Med. 2013, 12, 646–654. [Google Scholar]
- Kutlu, M.; Yapici, H.; Yoncalik, O.; Celik, S. Comparison of a New Test for Agility and Skill in Soccer with Other Agility Tests. J. Hum. Kinet. 2012, 33, 143–150. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bartolomei, S.; Nigro, F.; Gubellini, L.; Ciacci, S.; Merni, F.; Treno, F.; Cortesi, M.; Semprini, G. A physiological and sport-specific comparison between division I and division II Italian male Field Hockey players. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2018. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sheppard, J.M.; Young, W.B. Agility literature review: Classifications, training and testing. J. Sports Sci. 2006, 24, 919–932. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Manderoos, S.A.; Vaara, M.E.; Maki, P.J.; Malkia, E.A.; Aunola, S.K.; Karppi, S.L. A New Agility Test for Adults: Its Test-Retest Reliability and Minimal Detectable Change in Untrained Women and Men Aged 28-55. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2016, 30, 2226–2234. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Flanagan, E.W.; Perry, A.C. Perception of Physical Fitness and Exercise Self-Efficacy and Its Contribution to the Relationship between Body Dissatisfaction and Physical Fitness in Female Minority Children. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 1187. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Joseph, A.; Wiley, A.; Orr, R.; Schram, B.; Dawes, J.J. The Impact of Load Carriage on Measures of Power and Agility in Tactical Occupations: A Critical Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 88. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Paul, D.J.; Gabbett, T.J.; Nassis, G.P. Agility in Team Sports: Testing, Training and Factors Affecting Performance. Sports Med. 2016, 46, 421–442. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pojskic, H.; Aslin, E.; Krolo, A.; Jukic, I.; Uljevic, O.; Spasic, M.; Sekulic, D. Importance of Reactive Agility and Change of Direction Speed in Differentiating Performance Levels in Junior Soccer Players: Reliability and Validity of Newly Developed Soccer-Specific Tests. Front. Physiol. 2018, 9, 506. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sekulic, D.; Pehar, M.; Krolo, A.; Spasic, M.; Uljevic, O.; Calleja-Gonzalez, J.; Sattler, T. Evaluation of Basketball-Specific Agility: Applicability of Preplanned and Nonplanned Agility Performances for Differentiating Playing Positions and Playing Levels. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2017, 31, 2278–2288. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hammami, R.; Sekulic, D.; Selmi, M.A.; Fadhloun, M.; Spasic, M.; Uljevic, O.; Chaouachi, A. Maturity Status as a Determinant of the Relationships Between Conditioning Qualities and Preplanned Agility in Young Handball Athletes. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2018, 32, 2302–2313. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gabbett, T.J. A comparison of physiological and anthropometric characteristics among playing positions in sub-elite rugby league players. J. Sport Sci. 2006, 24, 1273–1280. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Scanlan, A.T.; Wen, N.; Pyne, D.B.; Stojanovic, E.; Milanovic, Z.; Conte, D.; Vaquera, A.; Dalbo, V.J. Power-Related Determinants of Modified Agility T-test Performance in Male Adolescent Basketball Players. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2019. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rago, V.; Brito, J.; Figueiredo, P.; Ermidis, G.; Barreira, D.; Rebelo, A. The Arrowhead Agility Test: Reliability, Minimum Detectable Change, and Practical Applications in Soccer Players. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2019. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bishop, C.; Read, P.; Brazier, J.; Jarvis, P.; Chavda, S.; Bromley, T.; Turner, A. Effects of Interlimb Asymmetries on Acceleration and Change of Direction Speed: A Between-Sport Comparison of Professional Soccer and Cricket Athletes. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2019. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pehar, M.; Sisic, N.; Sekulic, D.; Coh, M.; Uljevic, O.; Spasic, M.; Krolo, A.; Idrizovic, K. Analyzing the relationship between anthropometric and motor indices with basketball specific pre-planned and non-planned agility performances. J. Sports Med. Phys. Fit. 2018, 58, 1037–1044. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nakamura, F.Y.; Antunes, P.; Nunes, C.; Costa, J.A.; Esco, M.R.; Travassos, B. Heart Rate Variability Changes From Traditional vs. Ultra-Short-Term Recordings in Relation to Preseason Training Load and Performance in Futsal Players. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2018. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rabelo, F.N.; Pasquarelli, B.N.; Goncalves, B.; Matzenbacher, F.; Campos, F.A.; Sampaio, J.; Nakamura, F.Y. Monitoring the Intended and Perceived Training Load of a Professional Futsal Team Over 45 Weeks: A Case Study. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2016, 30, 134–140. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Farhani, F.; Rajabi, H.; Negaresh, R.; Ali, A.; Shalamzari, S.A.; Baker, J.S. Reliability and Validity of a Novel Futsal Special Performance Test Designed to Measure Skills and Anaerobic Performance. Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform. 2019. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Naser, N.; Ali, A.; Macadam, P. Physical and physiological demands of futsal. J. Exerc. Sci. Fit. 2017, 15, 76–80. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Milanović, Z.; Sporiš, G.; Trajković, N.; Fiorentini, F. Differences in agility performance between futsal and soccer players. Sport Sci. 2011, 4, 55–59. [Google Scholar]
- Teixeira, A.S.; Arins, F.B.; De Lucas, R.D.; Carminatti, L.J.; Dittrich, N.; Nakamura, F.Y.; Guglielmo, L.G.A. Comparative Effects of Two Interval Shuttle-Run Training Modes on Physiological and Performance Adaptations in Female Professional Futsal Players. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2019, 33, 1416–1428. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Benvenuti, C.; Minganti, C.; Condello, G.; Capranica, L.; Tessitore, A. Agility assessment in female futsal and soccer players. Med. Lith. 2010, 46, 415–420. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bullock, W.; Panchuk, D.; Broatch, J.; Christian, R.; Stepto, N.K. An integrative test of agility, speed and skill in soccer: Effects of exercise. J. Sci. Med. Sport 2012, 15, 431–436. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Serpell, B.G.; Ford, M.; Young, W.B. The development of a new test of agility for rugby league. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2010, 24, 3270–3277. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pehar, M.; Sekulic, D.; Sisic, N.; Spasic, M.; Uljevic, O.; Krolo, A.; Milanovic, Z.; Sattler, T. Evaluation of different jumping tests in defining position-specific and performance-level differences in high level basketball players. Biol Sport 2017, 34, 263–272. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hopkins, W.; Marshall, S.; Batterham, A.; Hanin, J. Progressive statistics for studies in sports medicine and exercise science. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2009, 41, 3. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nuzzo, J.L.; Anning, J.H.; Scharfenberg, J.M. The reliability of three devices used for measuring vertical jump height. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2011, 25, 2580–2590. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Atkinson, G.; Nevill, A.M. Statistical methods for assessing measurement error (reliability) in variables relevant to sports medicine. Sports Med. 1998, 26, 217–238. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bartko, J.J. On various intraclass correlation reliability coefficients. Psychol. Bull. 1976, 83, 762. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sekulic, D.; Spasic, M.; Mirkov, D.; Cavar, M.; Sattler, T. Gender-specific influences of balance, speed, and power on agility performance. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2013, 27, 802–811. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cohen, J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences; Routledge: London, UK, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Hachana, Y.; Chaabene, H.; Ben Rajeb, G.; Khlifa, R.; Aouadi, R.; Chamari, K.; Gabbett, T.J. Validity and Reliability of New Agility Test among Elite and Subelite under 14-Soccer Players. Plos ONE 2014, 9, e95773. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- De Vet, H.C.; Terwee, C.B.; Knol, D.L.; Bouter, L.M. When to use agreement versus reliability measures. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 2006, 59, 1033–1039. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Spasic, M.; Krolo, A.; Zenic, N.; Delextrat, A.; Sekulic, D. Reactive Agility Performance in Handball; Development and Evaluation of a Sport-Specific Measurement Protocol. J. Sport Sci. Med. 2015, 14, 501–506. [Google Scholar]
- Kinzey, S.J.; Armstrong, C.W. The reliability of the star-excursion test in assessing dynamic balance. J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther. 1998, 27, 356–360. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Haaland, E.; Hoff, J. Non-dominant leg training improves the bilateral motor performance of soccer players. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports 2003, 13, 179–184. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tomac, Z.; Hraski, Z. Influence of Familiarization of Preschool Children with Motor Tests on Test Results and Reliability Coefficients. Percept. Mot. Skills 2016, 123, 717–736. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Scanlan, A.; Humphries, B.; Tucker, P.S.; Dalbo, V. The influence of physical and cognitive factors on reactive agility performance in men basketball players. J. Sports Sci. 2014, 32, 367–374. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sattler, T.; Sekulic, D.; Spasic, M.; Peric, M.; Krolo, A.; Uljevic, O.; Kondric, M. Analysis of the Association between Motor and Anthropometric Variables with Change of Direction Speed and Reactive Agility Performance. J. Hum. Kinet. 2015, 47, 137–145. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Spiteri, T.; McIntyre, F.; Specos, C.; Myszka, S. Cognitive Training for Agility: The Integration Between Perception and Action. Strength Cond. J. 2018, 40, 39–46. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Green, B.S.; Blake, C.; Caulfield, B.M. A valid field test protocol of linear speed and agility in rugby union. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2011, 25, 1256–1262. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Variables | Top-Level Players (n = 12) | Team-Players (n = 20) | t-Test | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | t-Value | p | |
Age (years) | 25.8 | 5.6 | 26.9 | 5.1 | −0.57 | 0.57 |
Body height (cm) | 180.3 | 7.2 | 183.4 | 5.0 | −1.46 | 0.16 |
Body mass (kg) | 74.3 | 9.0 | 79.3 | 6.9 | −1.76 | 0.09 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 22.8 | 1.8 | 23.6 | 1.9 | −1.14 | 0.26 |
Variables | Test 1 | Test 2 | Reliability | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ICC | CV | |
RAG_DD (s) | 2.54 | 0.14 | 2.50 | 0.15 | 0.76 | 0.06 |
RAG_DND (s) | 2.80 | 0.11 | 2.40 | 0.15 | 0.60 | 0.10 |
RAG_TD (s) | 2.41 | 0.14 | 2.38 | 0.11 | 0.83 | 0.08 |
RAG_TND (s) | 2.51 | 0.19 | 2.45 | 0.15 | 0.77 | 0.07 |
CODS_DD (s) | 2.35 | 0.18 | 2.35 | 0.22 | 0.81 | 0.05 |
CODS_DND (s) | 2.56 | 0.19 | 2.59 | 0.18 | 0.79 | 0.05 |
CODS_TD (s) | 2.06 | 0.12 | 2.05 | 0.13 | 0.89 | 0.07 |
CODS_TND (s) | 2.33 | 0.10 | 2.32 | 0.13 | 0.81 | 0.06 |
Variables | Trial 1 | Trial 2 | Trial 3 | ICC | CV | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |||
RAG_DD (s) | 2.65 | 0.19 | 2.58 | 0.18 | 2.56 | 0.17 | 0.77 | 0.09 |
RAG_DND (s) | 3.11 | 0.18 | 2.91 | 0.19 | 2.71 | 0.16 | 0.69 | 0.08 |
RAG_TD (s) | 2.50 | 0.17 | 2.45 | 0.17 | 2.44 | 0.16 | 0.80 | 0.07 |
RAG_TND (s) | 2.71 | 0.19 | 2.5 | 0.19 | 2.49 | 0.17 | 0.81 | 0.08 |
CODS_DD (s) | 2.53 | 0.19 | 2.52 | 0.23 | 2.50 | 0.22 | 0.91 | 0.07 |
CODS_DND (s) | 2.75 | 0.17 | 2.57 | 0.18 | 2.58 | 0.16 | 0.83 | 0.05 |
CODS_TD (s) | 2.09 | 0.11 | 2.05 | 0.14 | 2.06 | 0.13 | 0.91 | 0.04 |
CODS_TND (s) | 2.30 | 0.17 | 2.31 | 0.18 | 2.27 | 0.12 | 0.86 | 0.04 |
Variables | Top-Level Players(n = 12) | Team-Players (n = 20) | t-Test (df = 30) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | t-Value | p | |
RAG_DD (s) | 2.43 | 0.12 | 2.64 | 0.15 | −4.28 | 0.00 |
RAG_TD (s) | 2.38 | 0.17 | 2.48 | 0.14 | −1.69 | 0.10 |
RAG_TND (s) | 2.46 | 0.21 | 2.51 | 0.15 | −0.70 | 0.49 |
CODS_DD (s) | 2.39 | 0.19 | 2.57 | 0.22 | −2.40 | 0.02 |
CODS_DND (s) | 2.57 | 0.16 | 2.65 | 0.15 | −1.32 | 0.20 |
CODS_TD (s) | 2.03 | 0.11 | 2.08 | 0.14 | −0.96 | 0.34 |
CODS_TND (s) | 2.31 | 0.12 | 2.23 | 0.10 | 2.08 | 0.04 |
S10M (s) | 1.63 | 0.07 | 1.69 | 0.11 | −1.64 | 0.11 |
RAG_DD | RAG_TD | RAG_TND | CODS_DD | CODS_DND | CODS_TD | CODS_TND | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RAG_DD | - | ||||||
RAG_TD | 0.09 (0.64) | - | |||||
RAG_TND | 0.35 (0.06) | 0.01 (0.99) | - | ||||
CODS_DD | 0.59 (0.01) | 0.52 (0.01) | 0.12 (0.53) | - | |||
CODS_DND | 0.45 (0.01) | −0.04 (0.84) | 0.09 (0.61) | 0.23 (0.20) | - | ||
CODS_TD | 0.42 (0.02) | −0.09 (0.62) | 0.20 (0.28) | 0.24 (0.18) | 0.72 (0.01) | - | |
CODS_TND | 0.02 (0.93) | −0.08 (0.63) | 0.36 (0.04) | 0.03 (0.87) | 0.42 (0.02) | 0.38 (0.04) | - |
S10m | 0.22 (0.22) | −0.09 (0.65) | 0.34 (0.06) | 0.06 (0.74) | −0.20 (0.27) | −0.02 (0.91) | −0.25 (0.17) |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Sekulic, D.; Foretic, N.; Gilic, B.; Esco, M.R.; Hammami, R.; Uljevic, O.; Versic, S.; Spasic, M. Importance of Agility Performance in Professional Futsal Players; Reliability and Applicability of Newly Developed Testing Protocols. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 3246. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16183246
Sekulic D, Foretic N, Gilic B, Esco MR, Hammami R, Uljevic O, Versic S, Spasic M. Importance of Agility Performance in Professional Futsal Players; Reliability and Applicability of Newly Developed Testing Protocols. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(18):3246. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16183246
Chicago/Turabian StyleSekulic, Damir, Nikola Foretic, Barbara Gilic, Michael R. Esco, Raouf Hammami, Ognjen Uljevic, Sime Versic, and Miodrag Spasic. 2019. "Importance of Agility Performance in Professional Futsal Players; Reliability and Applicability of Newly Developed Testing Protocols" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 18: 3246. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16183246
APA StyleSekulic, D., Foretic, N., Gilic, B., Esco, M. R., Hammami, R., Uljevic, O., Versic, S., & Spasic, M. (2019). Importance of Agility Performance in Professional Futsal Players; Reliability and Applicability of Newly Developed Testing Protocols. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(18), 3246. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16183246