Healthy or Unhealthy? The Cocktail of Health-Related Behavior Profiles in Spanish Adolescents
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants and Procedures
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Sociodemographic Characteristics
2.2.2. Physical Activity and Sedentary Time
2.2.3. Dietary Habits
2.2.4. Sedentary Screen Time
2.2.5. Sleep Duration
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Limitations and Future Directions
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total (n = 173) | Boys (n = 79) | Girls (n = 94) | F-value/ηp2 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years; M ± SD) | 12.9 ± 0.5 | 13.0 ± 0.4 | 12.9 ±. 58.0 | 0.019/0.000 |
Height (cm) | 161.1 ± 8.3 | 162.1 ± 9.2 | 160.2 ± 7.4 | 2.089/0.012 |
Weight (kg) | 49.7 ± 9.8 | 51.6 ± 10.6 | 48.2 ± 8.8 | 5.190 **/0.029 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 19.0 ± 2.8 | 19.5 ± 3.0 | 18.7 ± 2.5 | 3.698/0.021 |
SES (Score: 0–9) | 6.7 ± 1.6 | 6.6 ± 1.6 | 6.8 ± 1.6 | 0.625/0.004 |
Physical activity | ||||
Daily MVPA levels (M ± SD) | 45.8 ± 15.4 | 50.3 ± 15.3 | 41.9 ± 14.4 | 13.837 **/0.075 |
Weekday MVPA (M ± SD) | 50.8 ± 17.8 | 56.5 ± 19.2 | 46.1 ± 15.1 | 15.853 **/0.085 |
Weekend day MVPA (M ± SD) | 30.6 ± 23.6 | 32.6 ± 22.8 | 29.0 ± 24.3 | 0.985/0.006 |
Sedentary time | ||||
Daily ST (M ± SD) | 526.6 ± 51.7 | 526.5 ± 54.2 | 526.8 ± 49.7 | 0.002/0.000 |
Weekday ST (M ± SD) | 540.0 ± 57.9 | 536.4 ± 60.8 | 543.0 ± 55.5 | 0.545/0.003 |
Weekend day ST (M ± SD) | 489.5 ± 69.3 | 496.2 ± 67.6 | 483.8 ± 70.6 | 1.387/0.008 |
Sedentary screen time | ||||
Total daily screen time (M ± SD) | 368.8 ± 151.2 | 385.5 ± 152.9 | 354.7 ± 149.1 | 1.785/0.010 |
Total weekday screen time (M ± SD) | 325.4 ± 147.4 | 339.7 ± 150.1 | 313.3 ± 144.8 | 1.738/0.008 |
Total weekend day screen time (M ± SD) | 477.4 ± 170.5 | 500.0 ± 172.4 | 458.3 ± 167.4 | 2.592/0.015 |
Daily TV viewing (M ± SD) | 120.6 ± 65.4 | 115.8 ± 64.1 | 124.7 ± 66.6 | 0.786/0.005 |
Daily video game playing (M ± SD) | 68.0 ± 71.5 | 95.1 ± 77.2 | 45.2 ± 57.6 | 23.651 **/0.122 |
Daily computer use (M ± SD) | 69.6 ± 66.4 | 66.5 ± 64.8 | 72.3 ± 67.9 | 0.324/0.002 |
Daily mobile phone (M ± SD) | 110.4 ± 66.3 | 108.0 ± 66.5 | 112.5 ± 66.4 | 0.197/0.001 |
Sleep duration | ||||
Daily sleep duration (M ± SD) | 535.7 ± 39.8 | 533.2 ± 43.7 | 537.7 ± 36.3 | 0.542/0.003 |
Weekday sleep duration (M ± SD) | 515.2 ± 41.7 | 517.0 ± 46.3 | 513.6 ± 37.4 | 0.286/0.002 |
Weekend sleep duration (M ± SD) | 588.4 ± 75.1 | 575.3 ± 81.8 | 599.3 ± 67.6 | 4.455 **/0.025 |
Healthy food | ||||
Healthy food (Score: 0–6) | 4.5 ± 1.0 | 4.5 ± 1.0 | 4.5 ± 0.9 | 0.016/0.000 |
Total (n = 173) | Boys (n = 79) | Girls (n = 94) | x2(df)/V | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Physical activity | ||||
Meeting MVPA recommendations (%) | 37 (21.4%) | 25 (31.6%) | 12 (12.8%) | 9.100(1) **/0.229 |
Sedentary screen time | ||||
Meeting TV guidelines (≤2 h per day) (%) | 79 (45.7%) | 39 (49.4%) | 40 (42.6%) | 0.803(1)/0.068 |
Meeting video games guidelines (≤2 h per day) (%) | 132 (76.3%) | 51 (64.4%) | 81 (86.2%) | 11.809(1) **/0.253 |
Meeting computer guidelines (≤2 h per day) (%) | 139 (80.3%) | 64 (81%) | 75 (79.8%) | 0.041(1)/0.015 |
Meeting mobile phone guidelines (≤2 h per day) (%) | 101 (58.4%) | 48 (60.8%) | 53 (56.4%) | 0.338(1)/0.044 |
Meeting all total screen time recommendations (%) | 3 (1.7%) | 2 (2.5%) | 1 (1.1%) | 0.543(1)/0.056 |
Sleep duration | ||||
Meeting sleep duration recommendations (%) | 154 (89%) | 67 (84.8%) | 87 (92.6%) | 2.632(1)/0.123 |
Meeting recommendations for 24-hour movement guidelines (PA, screen time, and sleep duration) | ||||
Not meeting recommendations (%) | 15 (8.7%) | 9 (11.4%) | 6 (6.4%) | 9.768(3) **/0.238 |
Meeting exclusively one recommendation (%) | 125 (72.3%) | 48 (60.8%) | 77 (81.9%) | |
Meeting exclusively two recommendations (%) | 30 (17.3%) | 20 (25.3%) | 10 (10.6%) | |
Meeting three recommendations (%) | 3 (1.7%) | 2 (2.5%) | 1 (1.1%) |
Variables | Cluster 1: Inactive Unhealthy Eaters (n = 20; 11.56%) | Cluster 2: Non-Technological Sitters (n = 41; 23.69%) | Cluster 3: Active (n = 25; 14.45%) | Cluster 4: Technological Sleepyheads (n = 25; 14.45%) | Cluster 5: Ideal Health (n = 23; 13.29%) | Cluster 6: Inactive Healthy Eaters (n = 39; 22.54%) | F-value | ηp2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Daily ST levels (M ± SD) | 522.8 a,b (39.0) | 591.4 a,c,d,e,f (35.7) | 484.2 b,c,g (29.6) | 522.0 d,g (35.7) | 495.1 e (33.8) | 509.3 f (36.6) | 34.025 ** | 0.50 |
Daily MVPA levels (M ± SD) | 34.4 a,b,c (11.1) | 46.34 a,d,e,f,g (12.3) | 56.2 b,d,h,i,j (10.8) | 37.3 e,h,k (12.7) | 67.2 c,f,i,k,l (8.6) | 37.2 g,j,l (9.4) | 40.504 ** | 0.54 |
Healthy diet (Score: 0-6) | 2.8 a,b,c,d,e (0.4) | 4.4 a,f,g (0.6) | 4.00 b,h,i,j (0.6) | 4.7 c,h,k,l (0.7) | 5.4 d,f,i,k (0.5) | 5.2 e,g,j,l (0.5) | 57.295 ** | 0.63 |
Daily sedentary screen time (M ± SD) | 458.7 a,b,c,d (181.1) | 306.2 a,e (100.5) | 326.3 b,f (145.9) | 557.7 e,f,g,h (103.5) | 318.8 c,g (134.4) | 324.1 d,h (95.2) | 28.338 ** | 0.45 |
Daily sleep duration (M ± SD) | 515.6 a,b (40.9) | 536.6 c,d (38.2) | 505.4 c,e,f (36.1) | 571.5 a,d,e,g (28.8) | 558.9 b,f,h (34.2) | 528.9 g,h (26.7) | 23.128 ** | 0.38 |
Recommendations | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) ar | n (%) ar | n (%) ar | n (%) ar | |
Cluster 1: Inactive Unhealthy Eaters | 5 (25%) 2.8 | 15 (75%) 0.3 | 0 (0%) −2.2 | 0 (0%) −0.6 |
Cluster 2: Non-technological Sitter | 2 (4.9%) −1.0 | 30 (73.2%) 0.2 | 9 (22%) 0.9 | 0 (0%) −1.0 |
Cluster 3: Active | 3 (12%) 0.6 | 15 (60%) −1.5 | 5 (20%) 0.4 | 2 (8%) 2.6 |
Cluster 4: Technological Sleepyhead | 4 (16%) 1.4 | 21 (84%) 1.4 | 0 (0%) −2.5 | 0 (0%) −0.7 |
Cluster 5: Ideal Health | 0 (0%) −1.6 | 6 (26.1%) −5.3 | 16 (69.6%) 7.1 | 1 (4.3%) 0 |
Cluster 6: Inactive Healthy Eaters | 1 (2.6%) −1.5 | 38 (97.4%) 4.0 | 0 (0%) −3.3 | 0 (0%) −0.9 |
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Sevil-Serrano, J.; Aibar-Solana, A.; Abós, Á.; Julián, J.A.; García-González, L. Healthy or Unhealthy? The Cocktail of Health-Related Behavior Profiles in Spanish Adolescents. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 3151. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16173151
Sevil-Serrano J, Aibar-Solana A, Abós Á, Julián JA, García-González L. Healthy or Unhealthy? The Cocktail of Health-Related Behavior Profiles in Spanish Adolescents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(17):3151. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16173151
Chicago/Turabian StyleSevil-Serrano, Javier, Alberto Aibar-Solana, Ángel Abós, José Antonio Julián, and Luis García-González. 2019. "Healthy or Unhealthy? The Cocktail of Health-Related Behavior Profiles in Spanish Adolescents" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 17: 3151. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16173151