Effort-Reward Imbalance, Over-Commitment and Depressive Episodes at Work: Evidence from the ELSA-Brasil Cohort Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Population
2.2. Measurement of Work Stress
2.3. Measurement of Mental Health
2.4. Measurement of Covariates
2.5. Statistical Analysis
2.6. Ethical Approval
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Findings
3.2. Results Related to the Hypotheses
4. Discussion
Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics (N) | n/Mean | %/SD |
---|---|---|
Age (N = 10,034) * | 52.06 | ±6.7 |
Gender (N = 10,034) | ||
Men | 4847 | 48.3 |
Women | 5187 | 51.7 |
Marital Status (9947) | ||
Single | 1346 | 13.5 |
Married/Living together | 6685 | 67.2 |
Divorced/Separated | 1611 | 16.2 |
Widowed | 305 | 3.1 |
Race/skin color (9920) | ||
Black | 1590 | 16.0 |
Brown | 2876 | 29.0 |
White | 5124 | 51.7 |
Yellow (Asian descents) | 232 | 2.3 |
Indigenuos | 98 | 1.0 |
Education (N = 10,032) | ||
Elementary/Middle school (till 8 years) | 649 | 6.5 |
High school (3 years)/Incompleted undergraduate | 3438 | 34.3 |
University (undergraduate) | 3201 | 31.9 |
Master degree | 800 | 8.0 |
Doctoral degree | 1944 | 19.4 |
Scales (N)/Quartiles | Prev. (%) | PR | 95%CI | p Value * |
---|---|---|---|---|
Global prevalence (10,018) | 4.8 | |||
Effort (9987) | ||||
Quartile 1 | 3.85 | |||
Quartile 2 | 4.72 | 1.27 | 0.94–1.59 | |
Quartile 3 | 5.01 | 1.30 | 1.02–1.64 | <0.001 |
Quartile 4 | 6.29 | 1.63 | 1.28–2.08 | |
Reward (9619) | ||||
Quartile 1 | 8.53 | 3.75 | 2.79–5.04 | |
Quartile 2 | 3.92 | 1.72 | 1.22–2.43 | |
Quartile 3 | 3.56 | 1.55 | 1.09–2.19 | <0.001 |
Quartile 4 | 2.27 | - | - | |
Over-commitment (9992) | ||||
Quartile 1 | 2.85 | - | - | |
Quartile 2 | 3.14 | 1.10 | 0.81–1.48 | |
Quartile 3 | 5.26 | 1.84 | 1.38–2.46 | <0.001 |
Quartile 4 | 8.61 | 3.01 | 2.34–3.87 | |
E-R ratio (9534) | ||||
Quartile 1 | 3.62 | - | - | |
Quartile 2 | 3.45 | 0.95 | 0.70–1.28 | |
Quartile 3 | 3.96 | 1.09 | 0.82–1.45 | <0.001 |
Quartile 4 | 8.38 | 2.31 | 1.81–2.95 |
Scales | Model 1 * | Model 2 ** | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
PR | 95%CI | PR | 95%CI | |
Effort | ||||
Quartile 1 | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
Quartile 2 | 1.21 | 0.93–1.57 | 1.22 | 0.94–1.59 |
Quartile 3 | 1.27 | 1.01–1.61 | 1.36 | 1.08–1.73 |
Quartile 4 | 1.62 | 1.27–2.06 | 1.85 | 1.44–2.37 |
Reward | ||||
Quartile 1 | 3.67 | 1.0–2.17 | 3.44 | 2.55–4.64 |
Quartile 2 | 1.71 | 1.21–2.41 | 1.64 | 1.16–2.31 |
Quartile 3 | 1.53 | 2.72–495 | 1.51 | 1.06–2.13 |
Quartile 4 | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
Over-commitment | ||||
Quartile 1 | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
Quartile 2 | 1.10 | 0.82–1.49 | 1.17 | 0.87–1.59 |
Quartile 3 | 1.86 | 1.40–2.49 | 2.14 | 1.59–2.88 |
Quartile 4 | 3.05 | 2.37–3.92 | 3.62 | 2.80–4.70 |
E-R ratio | ||||
Quartile 1 | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
Quartile 2 | 0.94 | 0.93–1.27 | 0.99 | 0.73–1.33 |
Quartile 3 | 1.08 | 0.92–1.27 | 1.17 | 0.88–1.57 |
Quartile 4 | 2.27 | 1.63–2.14 | 2.47 | 1.92–3.17 |
Variable | PR | 95%CI | p Value | PR * | 95%CI | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
E-R ratio | 1.71 | 1.30–2.25 | <0.001 | 1.71 | 1.29–2.25 | <0.001 |
‘Over-commitment’ | 1.79 | 1.36–2.36 | <0.001 | 2.02 | 1.53–2.68 | <0.001 |
Multiplicative term (E-R Ratio × OC) | 1.06 | 0.71–1.58 | 0.752 | 1.06 | 0.71–1.58 | 0.769 |
Variable | Prev. (%) | PR * | PR ** | 95%CI | Excess of Prevalence e | Measure | 95%CI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(1) E-R Ratio = 0, ‘over-commitment’=0 | 3.29 | 1.00 | 1.00 | - | - | ||
(2) ER Ratio = 1, ‘over-commitment’=0 | 5.65 | 1.71 | 1.71 | 1.29–2.25 | 2.36 | ||
(3) E-R Ratio = 0, ‘over-commitment’=1 | 5.89 | 1.79 | 2.02 | 1.53–2.68 | 2.60 | ||
(4) E-R Ratio = 1, ‘over-commitment’ = 1 | 10.79 | 3.28 | 3.68 | 2.97–4.56 | 7.50 | ||
Expected combined effect a | 8.25 | 2.01 | 2.73 | ||||
RERI b | 0.945 | 0.81–1.80 | |||||
AP c | 0.256 | 0.04–0.46 | |||||
S d | 1.543 | 1.00–2.39 |
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de Araújo, T.M.; Siegrist, J.; Moreno, A.B.; de Jesus Mendes da Fonseca, M.; Barreto, S.M.; Chor, D.; Griep, R.H. Effort-Reward Imbalance, Over-Commitment and Depressive Episodes at Work: Evidence from the ELSA-Brasil Cohort Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 3025. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16173025
de Araújo TM, Siegrist J, Moreno AB, de Jesus Mendes da Fonseca M, Barreto SM, Chor D, Griep RH. Effort-Reward Imbalance, Over-Commitment and Depressive Episodes at Work: Evidence from the ELSA-Brasil Cohort Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(17):3025. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16173025
Chicago/Turabian Stylede Araújo, Tânia Maria, Johannes Siegrist, Arlinda B. Moreno, Maria de Jesus Mendes da Fonseca, Sandhi M. Barreto, Dóra Chor, and Rosane Härter Griep. 2019. "Effort-Reward Imbalance, Over-Commitment and Depressive Episodes at Work: Evidence from the ELSA-Brasil Cohort Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 17: 3025. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16173025