The Moderation of Obesity Penalty on Job Market Outcomes by Employment Efforts
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data and Study Subjects
2.2. Variables
2.3. Estimation
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Mean (Standard Deviation) [Minimum, Maximum] | |
---|---|---|
Men (N = 10,065) | Women (N = 5834) | |
Dependent Variables | ||
Current employment status | 15.616 (23.7615) [0,252] | 28.1212 (33.5558) [0,320] |
Monthly wage a | 1948.72 (950.44) [20,40,000] | 1596.93 (517.25) [10,6500] |
Key Independent Variables | ||
Job hunting duration (weeks) b | 15.616 (23.7615) [0,252] | 28.1212 (33.5558) [0,320] |
Job hunting experience | ||
No | 0.3353 (0.4721) | 0.1481 (0.3552) |
Yes | 0.6647 (0.4721) | 0.8519 (0.3552) |
Number of job training experiences | 0.2778 (0.8262) [0,18] | 0.3603 (0.7922) [0,9] |
Job training experience | ||
No | 0.8324 (0.3735) | 0.7557 (0.4297) |
Yes | 0.1676 (0.3735) | 0.2443 (0.4297) |
BMI (lagged) c | 23.5024 (3.1562) [12.6247,39.3853] | 20.2417 (2.4167) [14.5243,34.6021] |
BMI groups (lagged) | ||
Underweight d | 0.0221 (0.1469) | 0.2396 (0.4269) |
Normal-weight e | 0.7074 (0.4550) | 0.7158 (0.4511) |
Overweight and Obese f | 0.2705 (0.4443) | 0.0446 (0.2064) |
Covariates | ||
Highest level of educational attainment | ||
High school diploma or less | 0.1942 (0.3956) | 0.2113 (0.4083) |
Undergraduate diploma or more (reference) | 0.5784 (0.4938) | 0.7088 (0.4544) |
N/A | 0.2297 (0.4207) | 0.0828 (0.2756) |
College Grade g | ||
A range | 0.2630 (0.4403) | 0.2873 (0.4525) |
B range (reference) | 0.4362 (0.4959) | 0.4921 (0.5000) |
C range | 0.1168 (0.3212) | 0.1023 (0.3031) |
D/F range | 0.0237 (0.1523) | 0.0141 (0.1177) |
N/A | 0.4451 (0.4970) | 0.3759 (0.4844) |
Second language | 0.5385 (0.4985) | 0.4784 (0.4996) |
Father’s average monthly income h | ||
Under 2M KRW (reference) | 0.4077 (0.4914) | 0.3356 (0.4722) |
2M–3M KRW | 0.1238 (0.3294) | 0.1215 (0.3268) |
3M–5M KRW | 0.1124 (0.3158) | 0.1090 (0.3117) |
Above 5M KRW | 0.0496 (0.2171) | 0.0406 (0.1974) |
N/A | 0.3066 (0.4611) | 0.3932 (0.4885) |
Mother’s average monthly income h | ||
Under 2M KRW (reference) | 0.5499 (0.4975) | 0.4553 (0.4980) |
2M–3M KRW | 0.1193 (0.3242) | 0.1260 (0.3319) |
3M–5M KRW | 0.0349 (0.1835) | 0.0370 (0.1888) |
Above 5M KRW | 0.0263 (0.1601) | 0.0213 (0.1442) |
N/A | 0.2695 (0.4437) | 0.3605 (0.4802) |
Self-reported health status | ||
Healthy | 0.6205 (0.4853) | 0.4633 (0.4987) |
Average (reference) | 0.3216 (0.4671) | 0.4152 (0.4928) |
Unhealthy | 0.0579 (0.2336) | 0.1215 (0.3268) |
Average hours of sleep per day | 6.6439 (1.0922) [3,20] | 6.8426 (1.1526) [3,12] |
Breakfast | ||
Often | 0.3058 (0.4608) | 0.2952 (0.4562) |
Sometimes (reference) | 0.3830 (0.4861) | 0.3915 (0.4881) |
Never | 0.3112 (0.4630) | 0.3133 (0.4639) |
Perceived discrimination from appearance | 0.0609 (0.2392) | 0.0902 (0.2864) |
Perceived awareness of self | ||
Aptitude | 0.9408 (0.2360) | 0.9069 (0.2906) |
Interests | 0.9391 (0.2392) | 0.9244 (0.2644) |
Value | 0.9634 (0.1877) | 0.9491 (0.2198) |
Decisiveness | 0.9294 (0.2562) | 0.8809 (0.3240) |
Perseverance | 0.9332 (0.2496) | 0.9042 (0.2944) |
Image/Reputation | 0.9663 (0.1804) | 0.9607 (0.1942) |
Key Independent Variable | Regression Coefficient (Standard Error) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Employment | Ln (Monthly Wage) | |||
Men | Women | Men | Women | |
(N = 10,065) | (N = 5834) | (N = 6186) | (N = 3710) | |
Model 1 | ||||
Job hunting duration (weeks) | 0.0007 (0.0003) | 0.0005 (0.0002) | 0.0006 (0.0004) | 0.0004 (0.0003) |
Number of job training experiences | 0.0017 (0.0094) | 0.0193 (0.0155) | 0.0704 *** (0.0121) | 0.0142 (0.0142) |
Model 2 | ||||
Any job hunting experience a | 0.1844 *** (0.0165) | 0.2663 *** (0.0328) | 0.1594 *** (0.0271) | 0.0572 (0.0390) |
Any job training experience a | 0.0090 (0.0216) | 0.0676 (0.0322) | 0.1377 *** (0.0286) | 0.0744 ** (0.0309) |
Key Independent Variable | Regression Coefficient | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
(Standard Error) | ||||
Employment | Ln (Monthly Wages) | |||
Men | Women | Men | Women | |
(N = 10,065) | (N = 5834) | (N = 6186) | (N = 3710) | |
BMI Group | ||||
Underweight (lagged) | −0.0510 (−0.0412) | 0.0534 ** (−0.0215) | −0.0222 (−0.0492) | −0.0148 (−0.0204) |
Overweight and Obese (lagged) | −0.0102 (−0.0154) | −0.0120 (−0.0371) | 0.0671 *** (−0.0186) | 0.03556 (−0.0354) |
Key Independent Variable | Regression Coefficient (Standard Error) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Employment | Ln (Monthly Wage) | |||
Men | Women | Men | Women | |
(N = 10,065) | (N = 5834) | (N = 6186) | (N = 3710) | |
Model 1 | ||||
Job hunting duration (weeks) × Underweight (lagged) | −3.2445 (−4.4559) | 4.5600 * (−2.5537) | 0.4016 (−5.4427) | −2.5254 (−2.3993) |
Job hunting duration (weeks) × Overweight and Obese (lagged) | −0.0096 (−1.7328) | −4.7809 (−4.5080) | 6.7991 *** (−2.0866) | 3.2500 (−4.3516) |
Model 2 | ||||
Any Experience of job hunting a × Underweight (lagged) | −7.8786 (−4.9282) | 5.5918 ** (−2.2790) | 0.54088 (−5.7674) | −1.9525 (−2.1290) |
Any Experience of job hunting a × Overweight and Obese (lagged) | −1.5327 (−1.7238) | −2.8070 (−3.9089) | 8.2943 *** (−2.0755) | 4.4907 (−3.7821) |
Key Independent Variable | Regression Coefficient (Standard Error) | |
---|---|---|
Men | Women | |
(N = 10,065) | (N = 5834) | |
Model 1: | Employment | |
Any Experience of job training a Underweight (lagged) | −0.1202 ** (0.0524) | 0.0696 ** (0.0280) |
Any Experience of job training a Overweight and Obese (lagged) | −0.0639 (0.0176) | 0.0222 (0.0556) |
Model 1: | Ln (monthly wage) | |
Any Experience of job training a Underweight (lagged) | −0.0055 (0.0571) | −0.0093 (0.0249) |
Any Experience of job training a Overweight and Obese (lagged) | 0.0902 *** (0.0204) | 0.0609 (0.0523) |
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Share and Cite
Ahn, R.; Kim, T.H.; Han, E. The Moderation of Obesity Penalty on Job Market Outcomes by Employment Efforts. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 2974. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16162974
Ahn R, Kim TH, Han E. The Moderation of Obesity Penalty on Job Market Outcomes by Employment Efforts. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(16):2974. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16162974
Chicago/Turabian StyleAhn, Rosemary, Tae Hyun Kim, and Euna Han. 2019. "The Moderation of Obesity Penalty on Job Market Outcomes by Employment Efforts" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 16: 2974. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16162974