Recent Incidence of Human Malaria Caused by Plasmodium knowlesi in the Villages in Kudat Peninsula, Sabah, Malaysia: Mapping of The Infection Risk Using Remote Sensing Data
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Class | LULC Classification | Area (km2) | % |
---|---|---|---|
c1 | Wetland, Riverside Forest, Urban Area | 82.7 | 11.5 |
c2 | Monoculture Oil Palm Plantation | 150.0 | 20.9 |
c3 | Mosaic Oil Palm Planation | 121.8 | 17.0 |
c4 | Monoculture Rubber Plantation | 46.3 | 6.5 |
c5 | Dense Forest | 140.2 | 19.6 |
c6 | Degraded Forest | 69.7 | 9.7 |
c7 | Bush, Cropland mosaic | 106.3 | 14.8 |
Total | 717.3 |
(1) GLM Model 1 (AIC: 350.5) | ||||
Variables | Estimate | Std. Error | 95% CI | Pr (>|z|) |
(Intercept) | −6.3777 | 1.1707 | −8.67–−4.08 | <0.001 |
c1 | −8.2693 | 3.1856 | −14.51–−2.03 | 0.0094 |
c2 | −1.6270 | 1.4223 | −4.41–−1.16 | 0.2527 |
c3 | 6.4465 | 1.2518 | 3.99–8.90 | <0.001 |
c4 | −4.0482 | 2.1634 | −8.29–0.19 | 0.0613 |
c5 | 3.5766 | 1.4040 | 0.82–6.33 | 0.0109 |
c6 | −1.6423 | 2.7802 | −7.09–3.81 | 0.5547 |
c7 | −4.4168 | 2.2582 | −8.84–0.01 | 0.0505 |
(2) GLM Model 2 (AIC: 348.2) | ||||
Variables | Estimate | Std. Error | 95% CI | Pr (>|z|) |
(Intercept) | −7.7356 | 0.4966 | −8.71–−6.76 | <0.001 |
c1 | −5.3801 | 1.7344 | −8.78–−1.98 | 0.0019 |
c3 | 7.4128 | 1.0195 | 5.41–9.41 | <0.001 |
c5 | 4.8370 | 0.9627 | 2.95–6.72 | <0.001 |
c7 | −4.5296 | 1.9610 | −8.37–−0.69 | 0.0209 |
(3) GLM Model 3 (AIC: 359.8) | ||||
Variables | Estimate | Std. Error | 95% CI | Pr (>|z|) |
(Intercept) | −9.2392 | 0.3415 | −9.91–−8.57 | <0.001 |
c3 | 9.7219 | 0.7655 | 8.22–11.22 | <0.001 |
c5 | 6.6416 | 0.9142 | 4.85–8.43 | <0.001 |
Variables | Coefficient | Stdev | 95% Lower | 95% Upper |
---|---|---|---|---|
(Intercept) | −10.4850 | 0.8257 | −12.26 | −9.05 |
c3 | 10.6013 | 2.2362 | 6.46 | 15.08 |
c5 | 5.8795 | 2.2257 | 1.49 | 10.35 |
r1_sd 1 | 1.7825 | 0.3193 | 1.23 | 2.48 |
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Sato, S.; Tojo, B.; Hoshi, T.; Minsong, L.I.F.; Kugan, O.K.; Giloi, N.; Ahmed, K.; Jeffree, S.M.; Moji, K.; Kita, K. Recent Incidence of Human Malaria Caused by Plasmodium knowlesi in the Villages in Kudat Peninsula, Sabah, Malaysia: Mapping of The Infection Risk Using Remote Sensing Data. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 2954. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16162954
Sato S, Tojo B, Hoshi T, Minsong LIF, Kugan OK, Giloi N, Ahmed K, Jeffree SM, Moji K, Kita K. Recent Incidence of Human Malaria Caused by Plasmodium knowlesi in the Villages in Kudat Peninsula, Sabah, Malaysia: Mapping of The Infection Risk Using Remote Sensing Data. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(16):2954. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16162954
Chicago/Turabian StyleSato, Shigeharu, Bumpei Tojo, Tomonori Hoshi, Lis Izni Fanirah Minsong, Omar Kwang Kugan, Nelbon Giloi, Kamruddin Ahmed, Saffree Mohammad Jeffree, Kazuhiko Moji, and Kiyoshi Kita. 2019. "Recent Incidence of Human Malaria Caused by Plasmodium knowlesi in the Villages in Kudat Peninsula, Sabah, Malaysia: Mapping of The Infection Risk Using Remote Sensing Data" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 16: 2954. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16162954