Housing for People with an Acquired Brain or Spinal Injury: Mapping the Australian Funding Landscape
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Method
2.1. Step One: Identify the Research Question/s
- What do the major Australian insurance schemes fund in relation to housing for a person with ABI or SCI?
- What individual factors impact on the availability of housing supports in each scheme (i.e., type of injury and level of severity; person’s age; location; family contexts; existence of other mental or physical health conditions)?
2.2. Step Two and Step Three: Identify Relevant Literature and Study Selection
- Information detailed on scheme websites;
- Online information sheets and resources produced by scheme authorities (e.g., fact sheets, policy statements, and scheme guidelines);
- Scheme annual reports;
- Case studies provided by each scheme; and
- Relevant State and Commonwealth legislation referred to by schemes.
2.3. Search Strategy
2.4. Step Four: Chart the Data
2.5. Step Five: Collate, Summarize and Report the Results
3. Results
3.1. Housing Infrastructure Funding
3.2. Tenancy Funding
3.3. Service Delivery Funding
3.4. Demographic Influencing Factors
4. Discussion
4.1. Implications
4.2. Implications for Consumers and Policy Makers
4.3. Limitations and Future Research Directions
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A: Overview of Major Australian Funding Schemes (as at June 2018)
References
- Schulz, A.; Northridge, M.E. Social determinants of health: Implications for environmental health promotion. Health Edu. Behav. 2004, 31, 455–471. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Baker, E.; Lester, L.H.; Bentley, R.; Beer, A. Poor housing quality: Prevalence and health effects. J. Prev. Interv. Community 2016, 44, 219–232. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wright, C. Likes, Dislikes, Must-Haves, and Must-Nots: An Exploratory Study into the Housing Preferences of Adults with Neurological Disability (Doctoral Dissertation); Griffith University: Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, 2016. [Google Scholar]
- Frier, A.; Barnett, F.; Devine, S.; Barker, R. Understanding disability and the ‘social determinants of health’: How does disability affect peoples’ social determinants of health? Disab. Rehab. 2018, 40, 538–547. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Baker, E.; Beer, A.; Lester, L.; Pevalin, D.; Whitehead, C.; Bentley, R. Is housing a health insult? Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 567. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Curl, A.; Kearns, A.; Mason, P.; Egan, M.; Tannahill, C.; Ellaway, A. Physical and mental health outcomes following housing improvements: Evidence from the GoWell study. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 2015, 69, 12–19. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jeste, D.V.; Glorioso, D.; Lee, E.E.; Daly, R.; Graham, S.; Liu, J.; Paredes, A.M.; Nebeker, C.; Tu, X.M.; Twamley, E.W.; et al. Study of independent living residents of a continuing care senior housing community: Sociodemographic and clinical associations of cognitive, physical, and mental health. Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatr. 2019, in press. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rollings, K.A.; Wells, N.M.; Evans, G.W.; Bednarz, A.; Yang, Y. Housing and neighborhood physical quality: Children’s mental health and motivation. J. Environ. Psychol. 2017, 50, 17–23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ellen, I.G.; Glied, S. Housing, neighborhoods, and children’s health. Future Child. 2015, 25, 135–153. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Martin, P.; Liaw, W.; Bazemore, A.; Jetty, A.; Petterson, S.; Kushel, M. Adults with housing insecurity have worse access to primary and preventative care. J. Am. Board Fam. Med. 2019, 32, 521–530. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Badland, H.; Foster, S.; Bentley, R.; Higgs, C.; Roberts, R.; Pettit, C.; Giles-Corti, B. Examining associations between area-level spatial measures of housing with selected health and wellbeing behaviours and outcomes in an urban context. Health Place 2017, 43, 17–24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Carnemolla, P.; Bridge, C. Accessible housing and health-related quality of life: Measurements of wellbeing outcomes following home modifications. Int. J. Arch. Res. 2016, 10, 38–51. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Baker, E.; Lester, L.; Beer, A.; Bentley, R. An Australian geography of unhealthy housing. Geogr. Res. 2019, 57, 40–51. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Christensen, J. Indigenous housing and health in the Canadian North: Revisiting cultural safety. Health Place 2016, 40, 83–90. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Li, J.; Liu, Z. Housing stress and mental health of migrant populations in urban China. Cities 2018, 81, 172–179. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Keene, D.E.; Henry, M.; Gormley, C.; Ndumele, C. ‘Then I found housing and everything changed’: Transitions to rent-assisted housing and diabetes self-management. Cityscape 2018, 20, 107–118. [Google Scholar]
- Wong, Y.-L.; Huangfu, Y.; Hadley, T. Place and community inclusion: Locational patterns of supportive housing for people with intellectual disability and people with psychiatric disorders. Res. Dev. Disab. 2018, 83, 108–119. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Australian Network for Universal Housing Design. Report on the Progress of the National Dialogue on Universal Housing Design 2010–2014; Australian Network for Universal Housing Design: Strawberry Hills, NSW, Australia, 2014. [Google Scholar]
- Commonwealth of Australia. Community Affairs References Committee: Adequacy of Existing Residential Care Arrangements Available for Young People with Severe Physical, Mental, or Intellectual Disabilities in Australia; Senate Report; Commonwealth of Australia: Canberra, ACT, Australia, 2015. Available online: www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate/Community_Affairs/Young_people_in_aged_care/Report (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- Norin, L.; Slaug, B.; Haak, M.; Jörgensen, S.; Lexell, J. Housing accessibility and its associations with participation among older adults living with long-standing spinal cord injury. J. Spinal Cord Med. 2017, 40, 230–240. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hoppestad, B.S. Essential elements for assessment of persons with severe neurological impairments for computer access utilizing assistive technology devices: A Delphi study. Disab. Rehabil. 2006, 1, 3–16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- MacDonald, S. Assessment of higher level cognitive-communication functions in adolescents with ABI: Standardization of the student version of the functional assessment of verbal reasoning and executive strategies (s-FAVRES). Brain Inj. 2016, 30, 295–310. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW). Housing Assistance in Australia 2015; AIHV: Canberra, ACT, Australia, 2015. Available online: www.aihw.gov.au/housing-assistance/haa/2015/social-housing-dwellings/ (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- Harrell, R.; Kassner, E.; Figueiredo, C. Multigenerational Households are Increasing. AARP Public Policy Institute Fact Sheet; AARP Public Policy Institute: Washington, DC, USA, 2011. [Google Scholar]
- Winkler, D.; Farnworth, L.; Sloan, S.; Stringer, K.; Callaway, L. Young People in Nursing Homes: White Paper; Summer Foundation Ltd and Monash University: Melbourne, VIC, Australia, 2011. [Google Scholar]
- Cameron, C.; Pirozzo, S.; Tooth, L. Long-term care of people below age 65 with severe acquired brain injury: Appropriateness of aged care facilities. Aust. N. Z. J. Public Health 2001, 25, 261–264. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Foster, M.; Fleming, J.; Tilse, C. Council of Australian Governments’ (COAG) initiative for young people with disability in residential aged care: What are the issues for acquired brain injury? Brain Impair. 2007, 8, 312–322. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nalder, E.; Fleming, J.; Foster, M.; Cornwell, P.; Shields, C.; Khan, A. Identifying factors associated with perceived success in the transition from hospital to home after brain injury. J. Head Trauma Rehabil. 2012, 27, 143–153. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Saugeres, L. (Un)accommodating disabilities: Housing, marginalization and dependency in Australia. J. Hous. Built. Environ. 2011, 26, 1–15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Beer, A.; Faulkner, D. 21st Century Housing Careers and Australia’s Housing Future; AHURI Final Report No. 128; Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute: Melbourne, VIC, Australia, 2009. [Google Scholar]
- Beer, A.; Faulkner, D. The Housing Careers of People with a Disability and Carers of People with a Disability; Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute: Melbourne, VIC, Australia, 2009. [Google Scholar]
- Wiesel, I.; Fisher, K. Housing choices and transitions under the NDIS. Parity 2014, 27, 15–16. [Google Scholar]
- National Disability Insurance Agency. Supports Funded by the NDIS. 2019. Available online: https://www.ndis.gov.au/understanding/supports-funded-ndis (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- Arksey, H.; O’Malley, L. Scoping studies: Towards a methodological framework. Int. J. Soc. Res. Methodol. 2005, 8, 19–32. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mahood, Q.; Van Eerd, D.; Irvin, E. Searching for grey literature for systematic reviews: Challenges and benefits. Res. Synth. Methods 2014, 5, 221–234. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Workers Compensation Act 1987, No. 70 (NSW). Available online: www.legislation.nsw.gov.au/#/view/act/1987/70/part3/div3/sec59 (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- Return to Work Act 2016 (NT). Available online: www.legislation.nt.gov.au/en/Legislation/RETURN-TO-WORK-ACT (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- Workers Compensation Act 1951 (ACT). Available online: http://www.legislation.act.gov.au/a/1951-2/current/pdf/1951-2.pdf (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- Lifetime Care and Support Authority. Lifetime Care and Support. Guidelines. 2015. Available online: https://www.icare.nsw.gov.au/-/media/abe21f0f0d214217bdd8ac28a945ee52.ashx?la=en&hash=D72700730944966506AEEEF41782FA2ABD95BF99 (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- ACT Government. Welcome to the Lifetime Care and Support Scheme. n.d. Available online: https://apps.treasury.act.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/787843/Information-Sheet-Welcome-to-LTCSS-PO1.pdf (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- Transport Accident Commission. Home Modifications. n.d. Available online: https://www.tac.vic.gov.au/clients/what-we-can-pay-for/services/home-modifications (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- Motor Accident Insurance Board. Managing at Home. 2016. Available online: http://www.maib.tas.gov.au/already-have-a-claim/managing-at-home/ (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- Motor Accidents (Liabilities and Compensation) Regulations 2010 (Tas). 2012. Available online: https://www.legislation.tas.gov.au/view/html/inforce/current/sr-2010-017#JS1@HS2@EN (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- Australian Government. Aids, Appliances and Modifications. 2015. Available online: http://www.comcare.gov.au/claims_and_benefits/benefits_and_entitlements/aids,_appliances_and_modifications (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- Australian Government. Home Modifications n.d. Available online: https://www.dva.gov.au/sites/default/files/files/health%20and%20wellbeing/homecare/Major_Mods_External.pdf (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- National Disability Insurance Agency. Assistive Technology and Types of Supports. n.d. Available online: https://www.ndis.gov.au/qanda/at-and-types-of-support.html (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- National Disability Insurance Agency. Frequently Asked Questions About Home modifications. n.d. Available online: https://www.ndis.gov.au/medias/documents/h07/h2c/8800160546846/FAQ-Home-modifications-Web-version.pdf (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- National Disability Insurance Agency. Managing Your NDIS Funding Package- Overview. 2017. Available online: https://ndis.gov.au/medias/../Fact-Sheet-Managing-your-NDIS-funding-package.docx (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- National Disability Insurance Agency. 2017/18 NDIS Price Guide: Victoria, New South. Wales, Queensland, Tasmania. 2017. Available online: https://www.ndis.gov.au/medias/documents/h4a/ha4/8805126078494/201718-VIC-NSW-QLD-TAS-Price-Guide.pdf (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- National Disability Insurance Agency. 5. Home Modifications. n.d. Available online: https://www.ndis.gov.au/Operational-Guideline/including-5.html (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- Victorian Workcover Authority. 4. Medical and like services. 2018. Available online: http://www1.worksafe.vic.gov.au/vwa/claimsmanual/default.htm (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- NT Motor Accidents Compensation Commission. Modification Benefits. 2017. Available online: http://www.ntmacc.com.au/Modification.pdf (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- Motor Accidents (Compensation) Regulations 2010 (NT). 2015. Available online: https://legislation.nt.gov.au/Legislation/MOTOR-ACCIDENTS-COMPENSATION-REGULATIONS (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- Australian Government. RAP National Guidelines. 2014. Available online: https://www.dva.gov.au/sites/default/files/files/providers/RAPNationalGuidelines.pdf (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- Australian Government. Home/access Modification Assessment Form. for All Major Modifications (Bathrooms, Ramps, Lifts, etc.). n.d. Available online: https://www.dva.gov.au/sites/default/files/files/providers/OT_Assess_Check.pdf (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- Lifetime Support Authority. (Lifetime Support. Scheme Rules (LSS Rules 02017). 2017. Available online: http://lifetimesupport.sa.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/Final-LSS-Rules.pdf (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- ACT Government. Part. 14- Home modifications. 2016. Available online: https://apps.treasury.act.gov.au/ltcss/ltcs-scheme/ltcs-guidelines/home-modifications (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- National Disability Insurance Agency. Guidance for Home Modifications Assessors. 2017. Available online: https://www.ndis.gov.au/medias/documents/h1c/h15/8800093044766/Guidance-for-Home-Modifications-Assessors.pdf (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- icare. Request a Home Modification. n.d. Available online: https://www.icare.nsw.gov.au/treatment-and-care/services-and-support/modifications-and-equipment/home-modifications/ (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- Australian Government. Claim for Alterations to a Place of Residence/Work or Modifications to a Vehicle/Article. n.d. Available online: http://www.comcare.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/148482/Claim_for_alterations_to_a_place_of_residencework_or_modifications_to_a_vehiclearticle.pdf (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- WorkSafe Victoria. Equipment and Related Service Policies. 2017. Available online: https://www.worksafe.vic.gov.au/health-professionals/fees-and-policies/equipment-and-related-services-policy (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- Workplace Injury Rehabilitation and Compensation Act 2013, No. 67. 2013. Available online: http://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/Domino/Web_Notes/LDMS/PubStatbook.nsf/51dea49770555ea6ca256da4001b90cd/3629925065cdb2a6ca257c210015979b/$FILE/13-067abookmarked.pdf (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- Workers’ Compensation and Injury Management Act 1981 (WA). 2017. Available online: https://www.legislation.wa.gov.au/legislation/prod/filestore.nsf/FileURL/mrdoc_37390.pdf/$FILE/Workers%20Compensation%20And%20Injury%20Management%20Act%201981%20-%20%5B12-a0-01%5D.pdf?OpenElement (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- Workers Rehabilitation and Compensation Act 1988 (Tas). 2018. Available online: https://www.legislation.tas.gov.au/view/html/inforce/current/act-1988-004#GS74@EN (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- Seafarers Rehabilitation and Compensation Act 1992, No. 234. 2017. Available online: https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2017C00393 (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- Australian Government. Providers – Rehabilitation Appliances Program. [Factsheet HIP72]. 2016. Available online: https://www.dva.gov.au/factsheet-hip72-providers-rehabilitation-appliances-program (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- National Injury Insurance Agency. Annual Report 2016-17. 2017. Available online: https://niis.qld.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/17-099_NIISQ-Annual-Report-2016-17_WEB.pdf (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- WorkCover Queensland. Serious Injuries: Case Management and Rehabilitation. 2008. Available online: https://www.worksafe.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0018/3528/Serious-Injuries-case-management-and-rehabilitation-FS212.pdf (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- icare. Lifetime Care. 2018. Available online: https://www.icare.nsw.gov.au/treatment-and-care/what-we-do/motor-accident-injuries/ (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- icare. What is the Lifetime Care and Support. Scheme? 2018. Available online: https://www.icare.nsw.gov.au/-/media/626014ec14e34bc196bc65f9d65b6f33.ashx (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- icare. What is Reasonable and Necessary Treatment and Care with Workers Care? n.d. Available online: https://www.icare.nsw.gov.au/-/media/c3fb9f9e787b4fa0bc8592478f00d23d.ashx (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- icare. Home Modifications: A Way to Stay at Home. n.d. Available online: https://www.icare.nsw.gov.au/-/media/67c792a5a3094d76b27787dc693da3fd.ashx (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- Transport Accident Commission. TAC Home Modifications—Client Information Sheet. n.d. Available online: https://www.tac.vic.gov.au/clients/additional-info/archived-content/policy/home-modifications/tac-home-modifications/tac-home-modifications (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- Lifetime Support Authority. Home Modifications and Vehicles. n.d. Available online: http://lifetimesupport.sa.gov.au/resources/information-sheets/ (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- Return to Work Act 2014 (SA). 2015. Available online: https://www.legislation.sa.gov.au/LZ/C/A/RETURN%20TO%20WORK%20ACT%202014/CURRENT/2014.16.AUTH.PDF (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- National Disability Insurance Agency. Planning. n.d. Available online: https://ndis.gov.au/operational-guideline/planning.html (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- icare. Home Modifications: Frequently Asked Questions. n.d. Available online: https://www.icare.nsw.gov.au/-/media/56b6431309e242adb6c0fcf59dfefacb.ashx (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- National Disability Insurance Agency. NDIA Assistive Technology & Consumables Codes Guide. 2016. Available online: https://www.ndis.gov.au/medias/documents/hf5/hae/8800885211166/AT-and-consumables-guide.pdf (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- National Disability Insurance Agency. NDIS Price Guide: Specialist Disability Accommodation. 2017. Available online: https://www.ndis.gov.au/medias/documents/hf8/hdf/8802881994782/SDA-Price-Guide-17-18.pdf (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- WorkSafe Victoria. Home Modifications Policy. 2017. Available online: https://www.worksafe.vic.gov.au/health-professionals/fees-and-policies/home-modifications-policy (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- Safe Work Australia. Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements in Australia and New Zealand (25th ed). 2017. Available online: https://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/doc/comparison-workers-compensation-arrangements-australia-and-new-zealand-2017 (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- Insurance Commission of Western Australia. Catastrophic Injuries Support.: What am I Covered for? 2018. Available online: https://www.icwa.wa.gov.au/catastrophic-injuries-support/what-am-i-covered-for (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- Australian Government. Aids and Appliances. 2011. Available online: http://www.comcare.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0015/41145/FS54_Aids_and_Appliances.pdf (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- WorkCover Queensland. Other Benefits. 2016. Available online: https://www.worksafe.qld.gov.au/rehab-and-claims/support-and-benefits/other-benefits (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- NT Motor Accidents Commission. Aids and Equipment. 2017. Available online: http://www.ntmacc.com.au/AidsEquipment.pdf (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- icare. What Is ‘Reasonable and Necessary’ Treatment, Rehabilitation and Care? n.d. Available online: https://www.icare.nsw.gov.au/-/media/aaa55bacaeb24ea9895531447fc3b4f7.ashx (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- icare. Starting an Attendant Care Program. n.d. Available online: https://www.icare.nsw.gov.au/-/media/ae59da382f004329ab90eb79a4679ef3.ashx (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- ACT Government. Part. 13-Equipment. 2016. Available online: https://apps.treasury.act.gov.au/ltcss/ltcs-scheme/ltcs-guidelines/equipment (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- Lifetime Support Authority. Equipment. n.d. Available online: http://lifetimesupport.sa.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/P9.pdf (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- Australian Government. Best Practice Guide—Claims Management. 2010. Available online: http://www.seacare.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0015/70044/Seacare_Best_Practice_Guide_Claims_Management.pdf (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- Lifetime Support Authority. What is ‘Necessary and Reasonable’ Treatment, Care and Support.? n.d. Available online: http://lifetimesupport.sa.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/P4.pdf (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- National Disability Insurance Agency. Your Questions Answered- Getting NDIS Ready and Accessing the NDIS. n.d. Available online: https://www.ndis.gov.au/qanda/managing-plan-participant-information.html (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- National Disability Insurance Scheme. Choice and Control. n.d. Available online: https://ndis.gov.au/medias/documents/hce/h5b/8799507939358/Factsheet-Choice-and-Control-A4-v0.5.pdf (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- ACT Government. Part. 8—Attendant Care Services. 2016. Available online: https://apps.treasury.act.gov.au/ltcss/ltcs-scheme/ltcs-guidelines/attendant-care (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- WorkSafe Victoria. Household Help Fees and Policy. 2017. Available online: https://www.worksafe.vic.gov.au/health-professionals/fees-and-policies/household-help-fees-and-policy (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- National Disability Insurance Scheme. 4. Assistive Technology. n.d. Available online: https://www.ndis.gov.au/Operational-Guideline/including-4.html (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- Australian Government. Essential Medical Equipment Payment [Factsheet CEP03]. 2016. Available online: https://www.dva.gov.au/factsheet-cep03-essential-medical-equipment-payment (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- Transport Accident Commission. Standard Mattresses Information Sheet. n.d. Available online: https://www.tac.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/171834/TAC0166-Client-Mattress-InfoSheet-PFO_WEB.pdf (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- Transport Accident Commission. Transport. Accident Commission Equipment List- Aidacare. n.d. Available online: https://www.tac.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/41545/Equipment-List-External-Aidacare-updated-14-Feb-2018.pdf (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- Transport Accident Commission. Medical and Rehabilitation Equipment Guidelines. n.d. Available online: https://www.tac.vic.gov.au/providers/working-with-tac-clients/guidelines/provider-guidelines/medical-and-rehabilitation-equipment-guideline#guideline (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- Transport Accident Commission. Transport. Accident Commission Continence, Nutritional Supplements and Wound Care Equipment List. n.d. Available online: https://www.tac.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/210079/TAC-Equipment-Continence-Wound-Care-Nutrition-Mar-2017-External.pdf (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- WorkSafe Victoria. Compensation for Treatment Expenses. n.d. Available online: https://www.worksafe.vic.gov.au/claims/compensation/treatment-expenses (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- WorkSafe Victoria. Home Exercise Equipment Policy. 2017. Available online: https://www.worksafe.vic.gov.au/health-professionals/fees-and-policies/home-exercise-equipment-policy (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- ReturntoWorkSA. Medical Treatment Expenses. n.d. Available online: https://www.rtwsa.com/claims/recovery/treatment-expenses (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- Australian Government. FAQ- Aids and Appliances. 2015. Available online: http://www.comcare.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/154606/FAQs_-_Aids_and_Appliances.pdf (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- Transport Accident Commission. Basic Equipment and Medical Aids. n.d. Available online: https://www.tac.vic.gov.au/clients/what-we-can-pay-for/services/medical-and-rehabilitation-equipment (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- National Disability Insurance Agency. In-kind Home Ventilation Services (Attendant Care) in NSW—Participant & Support. Coordinator Frequently Asked Questions. 2017. Available online: https://www.ndis.gov.au/medias/documents/nsw-home-ventilation-pdf/Home-Ventilation-Program-NSW-FAQs.pdf (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- National Disability Insurance Agency. Managing Your AT Supports. n.d. Available online: https://www.ndis.gov.au/participants/at/managing-at-supports.html (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- ACT Government. Part. 7- Treatment and Rehabilitation Services. 2016. Available online: https://apps.treasury.act.gov.au/ltcss/ltcs-scheme/ltcs-guidelines/treatment-and-rehabilitation-needs (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- Australian Government. Veterans’ Home Care [Factsheet HCS01]. 2017. Available online: https://www.dva.gov.au/factsheet-hcs01-veterans-home-care (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- Transport Accident Commission. Information for TAC Clients Living in Bushfire Risk Areas. 2009. Available online: https://www.tac.vic.gov.au/clients/forms-and-brochures-clients/information-brochures/information-products-for-tac-clients/information-for-tac-clients-living-in-bushfire-risk-areas/Information-for-TAC-clients-living-in-bushfire-risk-areas.pdf (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- Enable NSW.; Lifetime Care & Support Authority. Goals Checklist. n.d. Available online: https://www.icare.nsw.gov.au/-/media/f19e7d3b66764697b190f73a5f3ebbe1.ashx] (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- Australian Government. Motor Vehicle Compensation Scheme (MVCS) [Factsheet HSV59]. 2017. Available online: https://www.dva.gov.au/factsheet-hsv59-eligibility-dva-health-card-all-coditions-or-totally-permanently-incapacitated-gold (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- ACT Government. Part. 12- Modifications to a Motor Vehicle. 2016. Available online: https://apps.treasury.act.gov.au/ltcss/ltcs-scheme/ltcs-guidelines/modifications-to-a-motor-vehicle (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- Transport Accident Commission. Driving and Vehicle Modifications. n.d. Available online: https://www.tac.vic.gov.au/clients/what-we-can-pay-for/services/driving-and-vehicle-modifications (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- National Disability Insurance Agency. 7. Vehicle Modifications. n.d. Available online: https://www.ndis.gov.au/Operational-Guideline/including-7.html (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- Transport Accident Commission. TAC Vehicle Modifications. n.d. Available online: https://www.tac.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/27775/TAC0155-InfoSheet-VehicleModifications_PFO_WEB2vma.pdf (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- Australian Government. Factsheet MRC10—Motor Vehicle Compensation Scheme (MVCS). 2017. Available online: https://www.dva.gov.au/factsheet-mrc10-motor-vehicle-compensation-scheme-mvcs (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- NSW Government. Workers Compensation Act. 1987 No 70. 2018. Available online: https://www.legislation.nsw.gov.au/#/view/act/1987/70/part3/div3/sec59 (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- WorkSafe Victoria. Attendant Care Fees and Policy. 2017. Available online: https://www.worksafe.vic.gov.au/health-professionals/fees-and-policies/attendant-care-fees-and-policy (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- Motor Accidents Insurance Board. What is the MAIB? 2016. Available online: http://www.maib.tas.gov.au/about-maib/what-is-the-maib/ (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- Motor Accidents Insurance Board. Tasmania’s Motor Accident Insurance Board. 2015. Available online: http://www.maib.tas.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Brochure-MAIB.pdf (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- Transport Accident Commission. Assisted Living Accommodation. n.d. Available online: https://www.tac.vic.gov.au/clients/what-we-can-pay-for/services/assisted-living-accommodation (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- WorkSafe Victoria. Supported Accommodation Policy. 2017. Available online: https://www.worksafe.vic.gov.au/health-professionals/fees-and-policies/supported-accommodation-fees-and-policy (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- National Disability Insurance Agency. National Disability Insurance Scheme (Specialist Disability Accommodation) Rules 2016. (Aus). n.d. Available online: https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2017L00209 (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- National Disability Insurance Agency. Specialist Disability Accommodation Provider and Investor Brief. 2018. Available online: providers/essentials-providers-working-ndia/specialist-disability-accommodation (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- Transport Accident Commission. Choosing a Supported Accommodation Service. 2011. Available online: https://www.tac.vic.gov.au/clients/what-we-can-pay-for/policies/other/daily-living-expenses/choosing-a-supported-accommodation-service/Choosing-a-supported-accommodation-service.pdf (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- Transport Accident Commission. Assisted Accommodation Provider Guideline. n.d. Available online: https://www.tac.vic.gov.au/providers/working-with-tac-clients/guidelines/provider-guidelines/assisted-accommodation-provider-guideline#guideline (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- Motor Accidents Insurance Board. Organisational Overview March 2017. 2017. Available online: http://www.maib.tas.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/MAIB-Organisational-Overview.pdf (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- Australian Government. Homelessness—DVA and Ex-service Organisation Support. n.d. Available online: https://www.dva.gov.au/health-and-wellbeing/home-and-care/homelessness-dva-and-ex-service-organisation-support (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- National Disability Insurance Scheme (Supports for Participants) Rules 2013. (Aus). n.d. Available online: https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2013L01063 (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- National Disability Insurance Agency. 9. Personal Care Supports. n.d. Available online: https://www.ndis.gov.au/Operational-Guideline/including-9.html (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- Victorian WorkCover Authority. 6.2 Impairment Benefits. 2018. Available online: http://www1.worksafe.vic.gov.au/vwa/claimsmanual/default.htm (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- WorkSafe Tasmania. Workers. n.d. Available online: https://www.worksafe.tas.gov.au/compensation/workers (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- NT Motor Accidents Compensation Commission. Attendant Care Post July 2014. n.d. Available online: http://www.ntmacc.com.au/AttendantCarePost1July.pdf (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- Lifetime Support Authority. Support., Attendant Care and Domestic Services. n.d. Available online: http://lifetimesupport.sa.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/P7.pdf (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- icare. Guidance on the Support. Needs for Adults with Spinal Cord Injury. 2017. Available online: https://www.icare.nsw.gov.au/-/media/a1d6988326004edf8ec6f1cad256e003.ashx (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- Transport Accident Commission. Post-Hospital Support. n.d. Available online: https://www.tac.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0015/27150/Post-Hospital-Support_2017.pdf (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- Australian Government. Household Attendant Care Services. 2014. Available online: http://www.comcare.gov.au/claims_and_benefits/benefits_and_entitlements/care_and_support_services (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- Australian Government. Compensation for Attendant Care Services. 2017. Available online: http://www.comcare.gov.au/the_scheme/guidance_on_applying_the_src_act/compensation_for_attendant_care_services (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- Australian Government. Attendant Care [Factsheet MRC41]. 2018. Available online: https://www.dva.gov.au/factsheet-mrc41-attendant-care (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- icare. Attendant and Domestic Care Services. n.d. Available online: https://www.icare.nsw.gov.au/treatment-and-care/services-and-support/attendant-care-and-domestic-services/working-with-an-attendant-care-provider/ (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- ACT Government. Attendant Care. 2016. Available online: https://apps.treasury.act.gov.au/ltcss/participants-and-carers/attendant-care (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- Transport Accident Commission. Attendant Care. 2017. Available online: https://www.tac.vic.gov.au/clients/what-we-can-pay-for/services/attendant-care#overview (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- Disability Reform Council. Specialist Disability Accommodation Pricing and Payments Framework. 2015. Available online: https://ndis.gov.au/SDA-pricing-payments (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- National Disability Insurance Agency. Permanent and Significant Disability and Reasonable and Necessary Supports Transcript. 2016. Available online: https://www.ndis.gov.au/html/sites/default/files/Reasonable-and-necessary-trancript.pdf (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- Transport Accident Commission. Support. at Home. 2017. Available online: https://www.tac.vic.gov.au/clients/what-we-can-pay-for/services/support-at-home (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- Australian Government. Household Services. (Factsheet MRC42). 2018. Available online: https://www.dva.gov.au/factsheet-mrc42-household-services (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- New South Wales Government. Getting Workers Compensation Insurance. n.d. Available online: https://www.sira.nsw.gov.au/insurance-coverage/workers-compensation-insurance/getting-workers-compensation-insurance (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- Transport Accident Commission. Domestic & Gardening Services Guidelines. 2017. Available online: https://www.tac.vic.gov.au/providers/working-with-tac-clients/guidelines/provider-guidelines/domestic-And-gardening-services-guidelines#overview (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- Motor Accidents Insurance Board. Claims Procedures & Scheduled Benefits Payable. 2013. Available online: http://www.maib.tas.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Brochure-Claims-Procedures.pdf (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- Australian Government. National Disability Insurance Scheme Act. 2013. Available online: https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00934/Html/Text (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- Australian Government. Guidance for Occupational Therapists Undertaking Home Assessments. n.d. Available online: http://www.comcare.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0015/150432/Guidance_for_OT_undertaking_home_assessments.pdf (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- Australian Government. Jurisdictional Policy Advice No. 2008/08—The Provision of Rehabilitation Assistance for Severely Incapacitated Employees to Facilitate Social, Recreational, Community or Disability Related Activities. 2008. Available online: http://www.comcare.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0018/40428/JPA_2008-08_Provision_of_rehabilitation_assistance_for_severly_incapacitated_employees_2v0.pdf (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- Transport Accident Commission. Attendant Care Provider Guidelines. n.d. Available online: https://www.tac.vic.gov.au/providers/working-with-tac-clients/guidelines/provider-guidelines/attendant-care-provider-guideline#guideline (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- Transport Accident Commission. Community Access Support. Services. n.d. Available online: https://www.tac.vic.gov.au/clients/what-we-can-pay-for/services/community-access-support-services#payment (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- Transport Accident Commission. Community Group Program. Provider Guidelines. 2017. Available online: https://www.tac.vic.gov.au/providers/working-with-tac-clients/guidelines/provider-guidelines/community-group-program-provider-guideline#guideline (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- WorkSafe Victoria. Community Access Policy. 2017. Available online: https://www.worksafe.vic.gov.au/health-professionals/fees-and-policies/community-access-policy (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- Transport Accident Commission. Supported Leisure Options. 2003. Available online: https://www.tac.vic.gov.au/clients/additional-info/archived-content/policy/community-access/supported-leisure-options/Supported-leisure-options.pdf (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- National Disability Insurance Agency. Participant Transport. Funding Information. n.d. Available online: https://www.ndis.gov.au/document/participant-transport-funding-informati.html (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- National Disability Insurance Agency. 12. Transport. n.d. Available online: https://www.ndis.gov.au/Operational-Guideline/including-12.html (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- Australian Government. Rehabilitation [Factsheet MRC05]. 2018. Available online: https://www.dva.gov.au/factsheet-mrc05-rehabilitation (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- Australian Government. Day-club Programs. n.d. Available online: https://www.dva.gov.au/health-and-wellbeing/day-club-programs (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- Lifetime Support Authority. Travelling to Appointments for Treatment Services. n.d. Available online: http://lifetimesupport.sa.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/P6.pdf (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- Australian Government. Veteran and Community Grants Program. (Factsheet GS03). 2018. Available online: https://www.dva.gov.au/factsheet-gs03-veteran-and-community-grants-program-vcg (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- National Disability Insurance Agency. 10. Recreation Supports. n.d. Available online: https://www.ndis.gov.au/Operational-Guideline/including-10.html (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- National Disability Insurance Agency. Community Clubs and Associations. n.d. Available online: https://www.ndis.gov.au/communities/not-profit-community-clubs-and-associati.html (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- Transport Accident Commission. Community Group Program.: Hours Request & Client Plan. Notes. n.d. Available online: https://www.tac.vic.gov.au/providers/documents-and-forms/basic-forms/community-group-program-hours-request-form/cgpf10n.doc (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- Motor Accident Insurance Board. What We Cannot Cover. 2016. Available online: http://www.maib.tas.gov.au/already-have-a-claim/what-we-cannot-cover/ (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- Transport Accident Commission. Case Management Guidelines. n.d. Available online: https://www.tac.vic.gov.au/providers/working-with-tac-clients/guidelines/provider-guidelines/case-management-guidelines (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- National Disability Insurance Agency. Support. Coordination: Information for Participants and Providers. 2017. Available online: https://ndis.gov.au/medias/documents/hd2/h8c/8803280977950/Fact-sheet-Support-coordination.pdf (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- National Disability Insurance Agency. About the NDIS. n.d. Available online: https://www.ndis.gov.au/html/sites/default/files/documents/About-us/About-theNDIS.pdf (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- National Disability Insurance Agency. My NDIS Pathway—Your Guide to Being an NDIS Participant. n.d. Available online: https://www.ndis.gov.au/html/sites/default/files/My-NDIS%20-Pathway.pdf (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- National Disability Insurance Agency. Overview of the NDIS. n.d. Available online: https://www.ndis.gov.au/operational-guideline/overview.html (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- National Disability Insurance Agency. Family Support—What the NDIS will Fund. n.d. Available online: https://ndis.gov.au/families-carers/family-supports.html (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- WorkSafe Victoria. Child. Care Service Fees and Policy. 2017. Available online: https://www.worksafe.vic.gov.au/health-professionals/fees-and-policies/child-care-services-fees-and-policy (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- Transport Accident Commission. Child. Care Guidelines. 2017. Available online: https://www.tac.vic.gov.au/providers/working-with-tac-clients/guidelines/provider-guidelines/child-care-guidelines#overview (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- Transport Accident Commission. Guide and Assistance Dogs. n.d. Available online: https://www.tac.vic.gov.au/clients/what-we-can-pay-for/services/guide-and-assistance-dogs (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- Australian Government. Rehabilitation Appliances Program. (RAP). n.d. Available online: https://www.dva.gov.au/health-and-wellbeing/home-and-care/rehabilitation-appliances-program-rap (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- National Disability Insurance Agency. Assistance Animals. n.d. Available online: https://www.ndis.gov.au/medias/documents/hce/hbb/8799673286686/Assistance-Animal-Guidance-PDF-KB-.pdf (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- Australian Government. Assistance Dogs. n.d. Available online: https://www.dva.gov.au/health-and-wellbeing/rehabilitation/assistance-dogs (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- ReturntoWorkSA. Impairment assessments. n.d. Available online: https://www.rtwsa.com/claims/what-is-an-impairment-assessment (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- Wehman, P.; Wilson, K.; Targett, P.; West, M.; Bricout, J.; McKinley, W. Removing transportation barriers for persons with spinal cord injuries: An ongoing challenge to community reintegration. J. Vocat. Rehabil. 1999, 13, 21–30. [Google Scholar]
- Boschen, K.A.; Tonack, M.; Gargaro, J. Long-term adjustment and community reintegration following spinal cord injury. Int. J. Rehabil. Res. 2003, 26, 157–164. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Valtonen, K.; Karlsson, A.-K.; Alaranta, H.; Viikari-Juntura, E. Work participation among persons with traumatic spinal cord injury and meningomyelocele. J. Rehabil. Med. 2006, 38, 192–200. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lidal, I.B.; Huynh, T.K.; Biering-Sørensen, F. Return to work following spinal cord injury: A review. Disabil. Rehabil. 2007, 29, 1341–1375. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Anderson, D.; Dumont, S.; Azzaria, L.; Le Bourdais, M.; Noreau, L. Determinants of return to work among spinal cord injury patients: A literature review. J. Vocat. Rehabil. 2007, 27, 57–68. [Google Scholar]
- Hess, D.W.; Meade, M.A.; Forchheimer, M.; Tate, D.G. Psychological well-being and intensity of employment in indivdiuals with spinal cord injury. Top. Spinal Cord Inj. Rehabil. 2004, 9, 1–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kreutzer, J.; Marwitz, J.; Walker, W.; Sander, A.; Sherer, M.; Bogner, J.; Fraser, R.; Bushnik, T. Moderating factors in return to work and job stability after traumatic brain injury. J. Head Trauma Rehabil. 2003, 18, 128–138. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Nooijen, C.F.J.; de Groot, S.; Postma1, K.; Bergen, M.P.; Stam, H.J.; Bussmann, J.B.J.; van den Berg-Emons, R.J. A more active lifestyle in persons with a recent spinal cord injury benefits physical fitness and health. Spinal Cord 2012, 50, 320–323. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Corrigan, J.D.; Hammond, F.M. Traumatic brain injury as a chronic health condition. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 2013, 94, 1199–1201. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Saunders, L.L.; Clarke, A.; Tate, D.G.; Forchheimer, M.; Krause, J.S. Lifetime prevalence of chronic health conditions among persons with spinal cord injury. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 2015, 96, 673–679. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Archer, T.; Svensson, K.; Alrricsson, M. Physical exercise ameliorates deficits induced by traumatic brain injury. Acta Neurol. Scand. 2012, 125, 293–302. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Nash, M.S. Exercise as a health-promoting activity following spinal cord injury. J. Neurol. Phys. Ther. 2005, 29, 87–106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gaither, J.B.; Galson, S.; Curry, M.; Mhayamaguru, M.; Williams, C.; Keim, S.M.; Bobrow, B.J.; Spaite, D.W. Environmental hyperthermia in prehospital patients with major traumatic brain injury. J. Emerg. Med. 2015, 49, 375–381. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Barclay, L.; McDonald, R.; Lentin, P. Social and community participation following spinal cord injury: A critical review. Int. J. Rehabil. Res. 2015, 38, 1–19. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bier, N.; Dutil, E.; Couture, M. Factors affecting leisure participation after a traumatic brain injury: An exploratory study. J. Head Trauma Rehabil. 2009, 24, 187–194. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Australian Human Rights Commission. Assistance Animals and the Disability Discrimination Act. 1992 (Cth). 2016. Available online: https://www.humanrights.gov.au/our-work/disability-rights/projects/assistance-animals-and-disability-discrimination-act-1992-cth (accessed on 25 June 2018).
- World Health Organization. Health Promotion Glossary; World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 1998. [Google Scholar]
- Cramer, S.C.; Riley, J.D. Neuroplasticity and brain repair after stroke. Curr. Opin. Neurol. 2008, 21, 76–82. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Alia, C.; Spalletti, C.; Lai, S.; Panarese, A.; Lamola, G.; Bertolucci, F.; Di Garbo, A.; Chisari, C.; Micera, S.; Caleo, M. Neuroplastic changes following brain ischemia and their contribution to stroke recovery: Novel approaches in neurorehabilitation. Front. Cell. Neurosci. 2017, 11, 76–98. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Khan, F.; Amatya, B.; Galea, M.P.; Gonzenbach, R.; Kesselring, J. Neurorehabilitation: Applied neuroplasticity. J. Neurol. 2017, 264, 603–615. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Taub, E. Neuroplasticity and Neurorehabilitation: Editorial. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 2015, 8, 544. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Piradov, M.A.; Chernikova, L.A.; Suponeva, N.A. Brain plasticity and modern neurorehabilitation technologies. Her. Russ. Acad. Sci. 2018, 88, 111–118. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Curt, A.; Hubertus, J.A.; Van Hedel, D.K.; Dietz, V. Recovery from a spinal cord injury: Significance of compensation, neural plasticity, and repair. J. Neurotrauma 2008, 25, 677–685. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Major Australian Funding Schemes | Infrastructure | Tenancy | Service Delivery | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Home Modifications | New Builds Owned by Individuals | Home Purchases Owned by Individuals | Consumables and Equipment | Vehicle Modifications | Short-Term Accommodation | Long-Term Accommodation | Rent Assistance | Support Obtaining and/or Maintaining Tenancy | Relocation Costs | Attendant (Personal) Care | Household Services | Community Access and Participation | Case Management Services | Family Supports | Assistance Animals | ||
National Schemes | |||||||||||||||||
NDIS | √ | √ | ^ | √ | √ | √ | √ | X | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | |
Seacare | √ | ^ | ^ | √ | √ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | √ | √ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | |
Comcare | √ | ^ | ^ | √ | √ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | √ | √ | √ | ^ | ^ | ^ | |
DVA Compensation Scheme | √ | ^ | ^ | √ | √ | ^ | √ | X | √ | ^ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | |
State/Territory-based Schemes | |||||||||||||||||
Queensland (QLD) | |||||||||||||||||
NIIS: NIISQ | √ | ^ | ^ | √ | √ | ^ | ^ | X | ^ | ^ | √ | √ | √ | ^ | √ | ^ | |
Workers Compensation: WorkCover (QLD) | √ | ^ | ^ | √ | √ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | √ | ^ | ^ | ^ | |
New South Wales (NSW) | |||||||||||||||||
NIIS: icare Lifetime Care | √ | ^ | X | √ | √ | √ | ^ | X | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | ^ | √ | ^ | |
Workers Compensation: icare Workers Care | √ | ^ | ^ | √ | √ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | √ | √ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | |
Australian Capital Territory (ACT) | |||||||||||||||||
NIIS: Lifetime Care and Support Scheme | √ | X | X | √ | √ | √ | ^ | X | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | ^ | ^ | ^ | |
Workers Compensation (ACT) | √ | ^ | ^ | √ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | |
Victoria (VIC) | |||||||||||||||||
NIIS: Transport Accident Compensation Scheme | √ | √ | X | √ | √ | √ | √ | X | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | |
Workers Compensation: WorkSafe (VIC) | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | ^ | |
Tasmania (TAS) | |||||||||||||||||
NIIS: Motor Accidents Insurance Scheme | √ | ^ | ^ | √ | √ | √ | √ | ^ | ^ | ^ | √ | √ | ^ | ^ | √ | ^ | |
Workers Compensation: WorkSafe (TAS) | √ | ^ | ^ | √ | √ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | √ | √ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | |
Northern Territory (NT) | |||||||||||||||||
NIIS: Motor Accidents Compensation Scheme | √ | ^ | ^ | √ | √ | √ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | √ | √ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | |
Workers Compensation: WorkSafe (NT) | √ | ^ | ^ | ^ | √ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | √ | √ | ^ | ^ | √ | ^ | |
South Australia (SA) | |||||||||||||||||
NIIS: Lifetime Support Scheme | √ | X | X | √ | √ | √ | √ | X | ^ | √ | √ | √ | √ | ^ | √ | √ | |
Workers Compensation: ReturnToWork (SA) | √ | ^ | ^ | √ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | √ | ^ | √ | √ | √ | ^ | √ | ^ | |
Western Australia (WA) | |||||||||||||||||
NIIS: Catastrophic Injuries Support Scheme | √ | ^ | ^ | √ | √ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | √ | √ | ^ | ^ | √ | ^ | |
Workers Compensation: WorkCover (WA) | √ | ^ | ^ | √ | √ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ |
Subcategory | No. Schemes Funding Available | Eligibility Criteria | Description of Funded Supports | Description of Supports Not Funded | Differences across Schemes (if Applicable) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Home modifications | 20 (100%) |
| ‘Reasonable and necessary’ home modifications in relation to [37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,46,50,51,52,56,57,58,59,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78]:
|
| Some (not all) schemes will fund:
|
New builds (owned by individuals) | 3 (15%) |
| None identified from publicly available information. | None identified from publicly available information. | |
Home purchases (owned by individuals) | 1 (5%) | The person’s main dwelling must be unable to be reasonably modified [45] and the unit must only include facilities specifically utilized by the person which cannot be accessed or modified within the main dwelling [80]. | A reasonable amount toward the purchase cost of a semi-detachable portable unit [62] | A contribution to, or payment of, the full purchase price of a main residence [51]. | Not applicable. |
Consumables and equipment | 19 (95%) |
|
| Some (not all) schemes will fund:
| |
Vehicle modifications | 18 (90%) |
|
| Some (not all) schemes: | |
Short-term accommodation | 8 (40%) |
|
| In relation to short-term accommodation while modifications are completed, one (not all) schemes: In relation to short-term, transitional accommodation, one (not all) schemes:
| |
Long-term accommodation | 6 (30%) |
| Permanent or semi-permanent assisted living accommodation [46,49,123,124] In relation to SDA:
| Most schemes did not report elements relating to long-term accommodation that would not be funded (i.e., it is unknown whether funding caveats exist). Only one scheme specified funding limitations. In relation to SDA: | None identified from publicly available information. |
Subcategory | No. Schemes Funding Available | Eligibility Criteria | Description of Funded Supports | Description of Supports Not Funded | Differences across Schemes (if Applicable) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rent assistance | 1 (5%) | Home modifications are underway [51] | Short-term rent (period of time not specified) [51] | Long-term rent assistance (period of time not specified) [51] | Not applicable. |
Support obtaining and/or maintaining a tenancy | 7 (35%) | In relation to obtaining a new tenancy: | In relation to obtaining a new tenancy:
| None identified from publicly available information. | |
Relocation costs | 6 (30%) |
|
| None identified from publicly available information. |
Subcategory | No. Schemes Funding Available | Eligibility Criteria | Description of Funded Supports | Description of Supports Not Funded | Differences across Schemes (if Applicable) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Attendant (personal) care | 17 (85%) |
|
|
| |
Household services | 17 (85%) |
|
|
| Some (not all) schemes will fund:
|
Community access and participation | 11 (55%) |
| Attendance at reasonable social, recreational, community, or disability-related activities, including travel to these activities. Funding may include: [39,46,49,51,67,94,102,136,143,154,155,156,157,158,159,162,163]
|
| In relation to transport: |
Case management services | 4 (20%) |
| Case management services may assist with [124,130,158,170,171,172,173,174]
| Only one scheme specified case management services they would not fund: [171]
| One scheme will fund advocacy support while at least one scheme does not [170,171] |
Family supports | 11 (55%) | In relation to respite services:
| Supports that families need as a result of a family member’s disability, as well as supports that enable sustainable informal caring by family members and friends. These supports may include: [75,81,173,175]
| Supports that are funded under the community services system, even if the system does not provide them. Community services system includes: [175]
| In relation to respite services, only one scheme specified a limit (i.e., number of hours or days in a calendar year) that an eligible person may apply for respite [110] In relation to an injured child: |
Assistance animals | 4 (20%) | Required as a result of accident injuries [178] | Suitably trained Guide and Assistance Dogs for people with visual or hearing impairments. Funding may include the dog, harness, training, freight, accommodation during training, and veterinary costs when needed [136,179] | One scheme will not fund: |
Demographic Factor | Description |
---|---|
Age | The person’s current age and age at the time of injury [137] |
For children with ABI or SCI [39,56,94,132,136]:
| |
For adults with ABI or SCI [76]:
| |
Gender | Whether supports provided are gender appropriate for a particular family member or carer to be providing that care [76] |
Location | Price limits differed across Australian states/territories [49] |
Urban/regional/rural areas:
| |
Culture | Recognition that a person’s cultural background may influence their choices for supports [137], but no explanation of how schemes actually respond to different cultural needs |
Degree of functioning | The person’s diagnosis, progress of recovery, and prognosis [39,43,56,58,61,63,66,69,70,81,82,83,85,86,87,88,89,112,148] |
Specific functional limitations (e.g., height; weight; upper and lower limb function; posture; balance; cognitive, communication, behavioural or emotional issues resulting from the person’s injury) [36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,48,49,51,56,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,69,70,71,73,75,76,78,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,110,126,127,131,134,135,136,139,140,141,142,143,144,145,159,175]. How these limitations are assessed were not explained. | |
Person’s level of function regarding transfers, mobility, pressure management, personal care, domestic tasks, community access and engagement in work/recreation/leisure activities [36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,69,70,71,73,75,78,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,110,126,127,134,135,136,139,140,141,142,143,144,154,156,157,158,159,160,161]. How these tasks are assessed were not explained. | |
Whether the person has reached maximum medical improvement [182]. How this is assessed was not explained. | |
Intrinsic characteristics | The person’s attitude, motivation, perceived control in life, positive self-image, coping style, and adjustment to disability may influence their personal resources and thus influence their need for support [112,137] |
Whether the person is in receipt of external compensation | If the person is in receipt of external compensation which is intended to be used to pay for supports of a kind which a scheme would ordinarily fund, the compensation is taken into account when determining the type of supports and amount of funding the relevant scheme will provide [38,76] |
Whether the person has a pre-existing medical condition or comorbidities |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Wright, C.J.; Colley, J.; Knudsen, K.; Kendall, E. Housing for People with an Acquired Brain or Spinal Injury: Mapping the Australian Funding Landscape. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 2822. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16162822
Wright CJ, Colley J, Knudsen K, Kendall E. Housing for People with an Acquired Brain or Spinal Injury: Mapping the Australian Funding Landscape. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(16):2822. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16162822
Chicago/Turabian StyleWright, Courtney J., Jacinta Colley, Kate Knudsen, and Elizabeth Kendall. 2019. "Housing for People with an Acquired Brain or Spinal Injury: Mapping the Australian Funding Landscape" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 16: 2822. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16162822