Decreased Quality of Life in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Is Associated with Emotional Distress
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ethics Statement
2.2. Participants
2.3. Assessment Procedure
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Demographic and Clinical Features
3.2. Health-Related Quality of Life
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total Sample n = 422 | Low Distress n = 288 | High Distress n = 134 | Statistics | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | n | % | ||
Gender-Women | 294 | 69.7 | 195 | 67.7 | 99 | 73.9 | Fisher = 0.19 |
Marital status-Married | 258 | 61.1 | 184 | 63.9 | 74 | 66.2 | Fisher = 0.10 |
Socioeconomic status | Fisher = 0.20 | ||||||
Medium | 187 | 44.3 | 134 | 46.5 | 53 | 39.6 | |
Low | 231 | 54.7 | 151 | 52.4 | 80 | 59.7 | |
Non-remunerated activity | 280 | 66.4 | 184 | 63.9 | 96 | 71.6 | Fisher = 0.12 |
BMI—Overweight/obesity | 333 | 78.9 | 235 | 81.6 | 98 | 73.1 | Fisher = 0.06 |
HbA1C ≥ 6.5 | 340 | 80.6 | 227 | 78.8 | 113 | 84.3 | Fisher = 0.18 |
Medical comorbidity | |||||||
-Hepatic | 54 | 12.8 | 28 | 9.7 | 26 | 19.4 | Fisher = 0.008 |
-Renal | 103 | 24.4 | 65 | 22.6 | 38 | 28.4 | Fisher = 0.22 |
-Neuropathy | 191 | 45.3 | 125 | 43.4 | 66 | 49.3 | Fisher = 0.29 |
-Cardiovascular | 184 | 43.6 | 124 | 43.1 | 60 | 44.8 | Fisher = 0.74 |
Current treatment | |||||||
-Insulin | 296 | 70.1 | 194 | 67.4 | 102 | 76.1 | Fisher = 0.07 |
-Hypoglycemic agent | 387 | 91.7 | 269 | 93.4 | 118 | 88.1 | Fisher = 0.08 |
-Antihypertensive agent | 203 | 48.1 | 142 | 49.3 | 61 | 45.5 | Fisher = 0.53 |
Substance use | |||||||
-Alcohol—Yes | 67 | 15.9 | 43 | 14.9 | 24 | 17.9 | Fisher = 0.43 |
-Marihuana—Yes | 2 | 0.5 | 1 | 0.3 | 1 | 0.7 | Fisher = 0.53 |
-Nicotine—Yes | 23 | 5.5 | 17 | 5.9 | 6 | 4.5 | Fisher = 0.65 |
Psychiatric comorbidity | |||||||
-Major depression—Yes | 46 | 10.9 | 25 | 8.7 | 21 | 15.7 | Fisher = 0.04 |
-Manic episodes—Yes | 1 | 0.2 | 1 | 0.3 | - | Fisher = 1.00 | |
-Alcohol use disorder—Yes | 2 | 0.5 | 1 | 0.3 | 1 | 0.7 | Fisher = 0.53 |
-Psychosis—Yes | 1 | 0.2 | 1 | 0.3 | - | Fisher = 1.00 | |
Mean | S.D. | Mean | S.D. | Mean | S.D. | ||
Current age | 54.8 | 12.8 | 56.8 | 12.1 | 50.6 | 13.1 | t =1.2, p = 0.23 |
Years of education | 6.9 | 4.4 | 7.1 | 4.5 | 6.6 | 4.4 | t = 0.2, p = 0.83 |
Illness evolution (years) | 15.1 | 8.7 | 15.8 | 8.8 | 13.6 | 8.1 | t = 0.2, p = 0.82 |
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Gómez-Pimienta, E.; González-Castro, T.B.; Fresan, A.; Juárez-Rojop, I.E.; Martínez-López, M.C.; Barjau-Madrigal, H.A.; Ramírez-González, I.R.; Martínez-Villaseñor, E.; Rodríguez-Sánchez, E.; Villar-Soto, M.; et al. Decreased Quality of Life in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Is Associated with Emotional Distress. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 2652. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16152652
Gómez-Pimienta E, González-Castro TB, Fresan A, Juárez-Rojop IE, Martínez-López MC, Barjau-Madrigal HA, Ramírez-González IR, Martínez-Villaseñor E, Rodríguez-Sánchez E, Villar-Soto M, et al. Decreased Quality of Life in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Is Associated with Emotional Distress. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(15):2652. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16152652
Chicago/Turabian StyleGómez-Pimienta, Elena, Thelma Beatriz González-Castro, Ana Fresan, Isela Esther Juárez-Rojop, Miriam Carolina Martínez-López, Hugo Adrián Barjau-Madrigal, Iris Rubí Ramírez-González, Esteban Martínez-Villaseñor, Esther Rodríguez-Sánchez, Mario Villar-Soto, and et al. 2019. "Decreased Quality of Life in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Is Associated with Emotional Distress" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 15: 2652. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16152652