Environmental and Motivational Determinants of Physical Activity among Canadian Inuit in the Arctic
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Environment and Walking Behaviour
1.2. Motivational Regulation
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. The Canadian Inuit in the Arctic
2.2. Community Profile
2.3. Psychometric Measures
Neighborhood Environmental Walkability Scale
2.4. Motivational Regulation of Exercise
2.5. Behavior
2.6. Pilot Study
2.7. Data Collection—Main Study
2.8. Data Analysis
3. Results
Mediation Analysis
4. Discussion
Study Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Community | Population | % Male | % Female | % Non-Inuit | % Inuit | Average Temperatures | Average Snow | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jan. (Winter) | Aug. (Summer) | Jan./Aug. | ||||||
Baker Lake | 1997 | 54 | 46 | 9.1 | 90.9 | −33.3 | +9.8 | 32 cm/0 cm |
Cambridge Bay | 1746 | 50.5 | 49.5 | 20.7 | 79.3 | −32.0 | +6.8 | 24 cm/0 cm |
Iqaluit | 7590 | 51 | 49 | 44.6 | 55.4 | −26.9 | +7.1 | 22 cm/0 cm |
Resolute Bay | 210 | 58 | 42 | 14.3 | 85.7 | −32.0 | +2.0 | 20 cm/0 cm |
Variable | Sample Size (n) | % |
---|---|---|
Age | ||
18–29 | 117 | 43.0 |
30–39 | 57 | 21.0 |
40–49 | 59 | 21.7 |
50–64 | 39 | 14.3 |
Gender | ||
Male | 153 | 56.2 |
Female | 119 | 43.8 |
Ethnicity | ||
Inuit | 203 | 74.6 |
Non-Inuit | 69 | 25.4 |
Community | ||
Baker Laker | 62 | 22.8 |
Cambridge Bay | 48 | 17.6 |
Iqaluit | 139 | 51.1 |
Resolute Bay | 23 | 8.5 |
Graduated Steps Index | Summer Steps (%) | Winter Steps (%) |
---|---|---|
<2500 steps/day | 3.4 | 13.4 |
2500–4999 steps/day | 50.7 | 64.5 |
5000–7499 steps/day | 35.1 | 18.0 |
7500–9999 steps/day | 8.1 | 4.1 |
10,000–12,499 steps/day | 2.7 | 0 |
Variables | Summer Steps | Winter Steps | Delta Steps | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β | p-Value | R2 | β | p-Value | R2 Final Model | β | p-Value | R2 | β | p-Value | R2 Final Model | β | p-Value | R2 | β | p-Value | R2 Final Model | |
Age | −0.07 | 0.23 | 0.38 | −0.07 | 0.35 | 0.44 | −0.10 | 0.20 | 0.34 | −0.07 | 0.36 | 0.40 | −0.02 | 0.83 | 0.12 | −0.02 | 0.84 | 0.12 |
Gender | −0.15 | 0.04 | −0.14 | 0.04 | -0.15 | 0.03 | −0.15 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.99 | 0.00 | 0.99 | ||||||
Ethnicity | 0.00 | 0.98 | −0.02 | 0.74 | −0.02 | 0.82 | −0.02 | 0.77 | −0.04 | 0.65 | −0.04 | 0.63 | ||||||
Baker Lake | −0.01 | 0.87 | 0.07 | 0.36 | −0.04 | −0.06 | 0.05 | 0.53 | 0.08 | 0.36 | 0.09 | 0.31 | ||||||
Cambridge Bay | −0.04 | 0.57 | 0.02 | 0.81 | −0.05 | 0.44 | 0.01 | 0.89 | 0.00 | 0.99 | 0.01 | 0.94 | ||||||
Resolute Bay | −0.40 | <0.001 | −0.41 | <0.001 | −0.41 | <0.001 | −0.16 | 0.06 | −0.16 | 0.06 | −0.16 | 0.06 | ||||||
Land−Use Mix Diversity | 0.20 | 0.01 | -- | -- | 0.19 | <0.001 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | ||||||
Infrastructure & Safety | 0.25 | <0.001 | 0.27 | <0.001 | 0.23 | <0.001 | 0.23 | <0.001 | 0.25 | <0.001 | 0.25 | <0.001 | ||||||
Identified Regulation | -- | -- | 0.25 | <0.001 | -- | -- | 0.27 | <0.001 | -- | -- | -- | -- |
Indictors of Mediation | Unstandardized Effect Size and [Bootstrap Confidence Intervals] | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Summer Season | Winter Season | |||
Infrastructure/Safety | Land Use Mix Diversity | Infrastructure/Safety | Land Use Mix Diversity | |
Total effect | 1342 [(888.17)–(1817.22)] | 796 [(383.05)–(1209.12)] | 960 [(596.13)–(1324.19)] | 542 [(235.92)–(849.26)] |
Direct effect of X on Y | 1541 [(1065.11)–2017.21)] | 855 [(443.03)–(1267.05)] | 1129 [(767.61)–(1489.85)] | 617 [(312.05)–(921.42)] |
Indirect effect of X on Y | −199.5 [(−360.15)–(−67.05)] | −59 [(−0.170.25)–(6.61)] | −169 [(−293.12)–(−69.71)] | −74 [(−159.91)–(−12.06)] |
Association between X and M | −0.463 [(−0.75260)–(−0.1733)] | −0.2023 [(−0.4464)–(0.0419)] | −0.463 [(-0.7024)–(-0.1699)] | −0.2441 [(−0.4624)–(−0.0258)] |
Association between M and Y | 430 [(169.94)–(691.84)] | 291 [(17.96)–(565.00)] | 386.49 [(184.92)–(588.86)] | 303 [(93.54)–(513.88)] |
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Akande, V.O.; Ruiter, R.A.C.; Kremers, S.P.J. Environmental and Motivational Determinants of Physical Activity among Canadian Inuit in the Arctic. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 2437. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16132437
Akande VO, Ruiter RAC, Kremers SPJ. Environmental and Motivational Determinants of Physical Activity among Canadian Inuit in the Arctic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(13):2437. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16132437
Chicago/Turabian StyleAkande, Victor O., Robert A.C. Ruiter, and Stef P.J. Kremers. 2019. "Environmental and Motivational Determinants of Physical Activity among Canadian Inuit in the Arctic" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 13: 2437. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16132437