Adverse Childhood Experiences of Children Adopted from Care: The Importance of Adoptive Parental Warmth for Future Child Adjustment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Adoption
1.2. Parental Warmth as a Moderator of the Impact of ACEs
1.3. The Present Study
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Ethical Considerations
2.3. Data Collection
2.4. Participants
2.5. Measures
2.5.1. Adversity
2.5.2. Age Placed for Adoption
2.5.3. Child Internalising Symptoms and Externalising Problems
2.5.4. Parent-to-Child Warmth
2.5.5. Missing Data
2.5.6. Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Description of Pre-Placement Experiences
3.2. Child Internalising Symptoms and Externalising Problems
3.3. The impact of ACEs on Child Internalising Symptoms and Externalising Problems: The Moderating Effect of Parental Warmth
3.3.1. Externalising Problems
3.3.2. Internalising Symptoms
4. Discussion
4.1. Strengths
4.2. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) | CAR Sample (n = 374) | Longitudinal Subsample (n = 84) |
---|---|---|
Emotional abuse | 85 (23) | 20 (24) |
Physical abuse | 70 (19) | 19 (23) |
Sexual abuse | 14 (4) | 5 (6) |
Neglect | 203 (54) | 45 (54) |
Parental separation | 113 (30) | 24 (29) |
Domestic violence | 138 (37) | 34 (31) |
Parent mental illness | 118 (32) | 31 (37) |
Parent alcohol abuse | 96 (26) | 20 (24) |
Parent drug abuse | 126 (34) | 27 (32) |
Parent incarceration | 74 (20) | 19 (23) |
ACE “score” (M, SD) | 2.68 (2.75) | 2.65 (2.82) |
Samples and Subpopulations | n | SDQ Total Difficulty Score, Mean (95% CI) |
---|---|---|
UK general population | 10,298 | 8.4 |
Looked after children | ||
Foster care | 781 | 15.3 (14.7–15.8) |
At risk children living with natural parents | 190 | 16.2 (15.0–17.3) |
Kinship care | 165 | 12.2 (11.0–13.4) |
Residential care | 255 | 20.0 (19.1–20.8) |
Wales Adoption Cohort Study | ||
Time 1 | 58 | 13.6 (11.87–15.43) |
Time 2 | 76 | 10.6 (9.31–11.81) |
Time 3 | 70 | 10.8 (9.40–12.17) |
Average | Slightly Raised | High | Very High | Average | Slightly Raised | High | Very High | Average | Slightly Raised | High | Very High | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Normative sample | 80% | 10% | 5% | 5% | 80% | 10% | 5% | 5% | 80% | 10% | 5% | 5% |
Time 1 n (%) | Time 2 n (%) | Time 3 n (%) | ||||||||||
Total difficulties | 34 (59) | 7 (12) | 5 (9) | 12 (21) | 50 (66) | 15 (20) | 6 (8) | 5 (7) | 48 (72) | 6 (9) | 7 (10) | 6 (9) |
Emotional problems | 39 (67) | 5 (9) | 7 (12) | 7 (12) | 55 (72) | 11 (15) | 5 (7) | 5 (7) | 51 (76) | 3 (5) | 7 (10) | 6 (9) |
Conduct problems | 36 (62) | 6 (10) | 7 (12) | 9 (16) | 60 (79) | 5 (7) | 5 (7) | 6 (8) | 43 (64) | 10 (15) | 8 (12) | 6 (9) |
Hyperactivity | 29 (51) | 13 (23) | 3 (5) | 12 (21) | 50 (66) | 13 (17) | 5 (7) | 8 (11) | 47 (70) | 6 (9) | 5 (8) | 9 (13) |
Peer problems | 38 (67) | 10 (18) | 3 (5) | 6 (11) | 54 (71) | 13 (17) | 4 (5) | 5 (7) | 47 (70) | 5 (8) | 9 (13) | 6 (9) |
Prosocial | 28 (48) | 8 (14) | 10 (17) | 12 (21) | 46 (60) | 5 (7) | 10 (13) | 16 (21) | 37 (55) | 8 (12) | 11 (16) | 11 (16) |
Measure | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Child gender | - | |||||
2 | Child age at placement | −0.07 (373) | - | ||||
3 | ACE count | −0.09 (374) | 0.62 ** (373) | - | |||
4 | T3 child externalising | −0.01 (62) | 0.15 (62) | 0.14 (62) | - | ||
5 | T3 child internalising | −0.08 (62) | 0.36 ** (62) | 0.26 * (62) | 0.48 ** (70) | - | |
6 | T2 parent warmth | −0.12 (72) | −0.45 ** (72) | −0.29 ** (72) | −0.39 ** (69) | −0.43 ** (69) | - |
Mean | 0.52 | 2.32 | 2.65 | 6.98 | 3.80 | 38.17 | |
(SD) | (50) | (2.23) | (2.82) | (3.61) | (3.07) | (4.45) |
Variables | T3 externalising Problems | T3 internalising Problems | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | SE | β | B | SE | β | |
Age placed | −0.03 | 0.26 | −0.02 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.16 |
ACE count | 0.11 | 0.20 | 0.09 | 0.03 | 0.15 | 0.03 |
T2 parental warmth | −0.17 | 0.11 | −0.22 | −0.14 ** | 0.07 | −0.22 |
ACE × parental warmth | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.02 | −0.06 ** | 0.02 | −0.24 * |
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Anthony, R.E.; Paine, A.L.; Shelton, K.H. Adverse Childhood Experiences of Children Adopted from Care: The Importance of Adoptive Parental Warmth for Future Child Adjustment. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 2212. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16122212
Anthony RE, Paine AL, Shelton KH. Adverse Childhood Experiences of Children Adopted from Care: The Importance of Adoptive Parental Warmth for Future Child Adjustment. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(12):2212. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16122212
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnthony, Rebecca E., Amy L. Paine, and Katherine H. Shelton. 2019. "Adverse Childhood Experiences of Children Adopted from Care: The Importance of Adoptive Parental Warmth for Future Child Adjustment" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 12: 2212. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16122212