Public Health Messages Associated with Low UV Index Values Need Reconsideration
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Sources
2.2. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Dataset Description
3.2. Erythemal Doses and Proportion of Days Exceeding MEDs for Certain Time Intervals
3.3. Minimal Exposure Durations to Receive one MED
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Skin Type | Skin Response to Sun Exposure | Classes of Individuals | MED (in SED) |
---|---|---|---|
I | Burns easily and severely (painful burn); tans little or none and peels | Melano-compromised | 2.0 |
II | Usually burns easily and severely (painful burn); tans minimally or lightly, also peels | 2.5 | |
III | Burns moderately and tans | Melano-competent | 4.0 |
IV | Burns minimally, tans easily | 6.0 | |
V | Rarely burns, tans easily and substantially | Melano-protected | 8.5 |
VI | Never buns and tans profusely | 10.0 |
Year | UVI 0 | UVI 1 | UVI 2 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | N | % | N | % | |
2007 | 526 | 10.6 | 616 | 10.1 | 343 | 10.2 |
2008 | 509 | 10.3 | 585 | 9.6 | 427 | 12.7 |
2009 | 570 | 11.5 | 534 | 8.7 | 258 | 7.7 |
2010 | 533 | 10.7 | 694 | 11.3 | 361 | 10.8 |
2011 | 482 | 9.7 | 618 | 10.1 | 307 | 9.2 |
2012 | 486 | 9.8 | 650 | 10.6 | 332 | 9.9 |
2013 | 488 | 9.8 | 632 | 10.3 | 322 | 9.6 |
2014 | 447 | 9.0 | 532 | 8.7 | 324 | 9.7 |
2015 | 453 | 9.1 | 604 | 9.9 | 340 | 10.1 |
2016 | 467 | 9.4 | 652 | 10.7 | 339 | 10.1 |
Total | 4961 | 100.0 | 6117 | 100.0 | 3353 | 100.0 |
Month | UVI 0 | UVI 1 | UVI 2 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | N | % | N | % | |
Jan | 1515 | 30.5 | 742 | 12.1 | 1 | 0.0 |
Feb | 396 | 8.0 | 1526 | 24.9 | 249 | 7.4 |
Mar | 54 | 1.1 | 674 | 11.0 | 1061 | 31.6 |
Apr | 3 | 0.1 | 92 | 1.5 | 300 | 8.9 |
May | 1 | 0.0 | 69 | 1.1 | 136 | 4.1 |
Jun | 0 | 0.0 | 29 | 0.5 | 78 | 2.3 |
Jul | 6 | 0.1 | 28 | 0.5 | 71 | 2.1 |
Aug | 0 | 0.0 | 44 | 0.7 | 105 | 3.1 |
Sep | 10 | 0.2 | 145 | 2.4 | 377 | 11.2 |
Oct | 88 | 1.8 | 1047 | 17.1 | 913 | 27.2 |
Nov | 939 | 18.9 | 1281 | 20.9 | 62 | 1.8 |
Dec | 1949 | 39.3 | 440 | 7.2 | 0 | 0.0 |
Total | 4961 | 100.0 | 6117 | 100.0 | 3353 | 100.0 |
Time Interval (Local Solar Time, Duration) | Her (in SED); Median (p10, p90 Percentile) | Proportion of Days Exceeding one MED for Skin Type (in %) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I | II | III | IV | V | VI | ||
Before noon | |||||||
8:00–10:00, 2 h | |||||||
UVI 0 | 0.12 (0.05, 0.23) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
UVI 1 | 0.42 (0.20, 0.86) | 0.07 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
UVI 2 | 1.24 (0.69, 1.92) | 7.87 | 2.09 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
7:30–10:30, 3 h | |||||||
UVI 0 | 0.19 (0.09, 0.36) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
UVI 1 | 0.67 (0.34, 1.31) | 1.03 | 0.15 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
UVI 2 | 1.90 (1.11, 2.85) | 44.32 | 19.92 | 0.89 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Around noon | |||||||
11:45–12:15, 0.5 h | |||||||
UVI 0 | 0.11 (0.05, 0.19) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
UVI 1 | 0.32 (0.20, 0.54) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
UVI 2 | 0.74 (0.43, 1.00) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
11:30–12:30, 1 h | |||||||
UVI 0 | 0.23 (0.11, 0.37) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
UVI 1 | 0.64 (0.40, 1.05) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
UVI 2 | 1.46 (0.93, 1.96) | 7.75 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
11:00–13:00, 2 h | |||||||
UVI 0 | 0.44 (0.21, 0.70) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
UVI 1 | 1.24 (0.80, 2.03) | 10.99 | 0.49 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
UVI 2 | 2.83 (1.92, 3.80) | 87.89 | 68.65 | 5.37 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
10:30–13:30, 3 h | |||||||
UVI 0 | 0.63 (0.31, 0.99) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
UVI 1 | 1.78 (1.15, 2.90) | 39.28 | 20.08 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
UVI 2 | 4.08 (2.86, 5.45) | 98.39 | 95.38 | 52.82 | 2.42 | 0 | 0 |
10:00–14:00, 4 h | |||||||
UVI 0 | 0.79 (0.39, 1.23) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
UVI 1 | 2.24 (1.43, 3.64) | 60.72 | 39.82 | 4.51 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
UVI 2 | 5.14 (3.71, 6.88) | 99.79 | 99.14 | 84.01 | 26.39 | 0 | 0 |
After noon | |||||||
14:00–16:00, 2 h | |||||||
UVI 0 | 0.12 (0.05, 0.22) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
UVI 1 | 0.42 (0.20, 0.86) | 0.08 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
UVI 2 | 1.24 (0.72, 1.92) | 7.99 | 2.42 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
13:30–16:30, 3 h | |||||||
UVI 0 | 0.19 (0.08, 0.36) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
UVI 1 | 0.67 (0.33, 1.32) | 1.32 | 0.25 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
UVI 2 | 1.92 (1.16, 2.85) | 44.68 | 20.34 | 0.95 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Total day | |||||||
Sunrise–Sunset | |||||||
UVI 0 | 1.04 (0.52, 1.65) | 1.23 | 0.04 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
UVI 1 | 3.21 (1.95, 5.46) | 88.49 | 70.51 | 32.58 | 4.72 | 0.07 | 0.02 |
UVI 2 | 8.17 (6.01, 10.87) | 99.97 | 99.97 | 99.79 | 90.19 | 44.77 | 19.03 |
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Lehmann, M.; Pfahlberg, A.B.; Sandmann, H.; Uter, W.; Gefeller, O. Public Health Messages Associated with Low UV Index Values Need Reconsideration. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 2067. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16122067
Lehmann M, Pfahlberg AB, Sandmann H, Uter W, Gefeller O. Public Health Messages Associated with Low UV Index Values Need Reconsideration. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(12):2067. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16122067
Chicago/Turabian StyleLehmann, Maria, Annette B. Pfahlberg, Henner Sandmann, Wolfgang Uter, and Olaf Gefeller. 2019. "Public Health Messages Associated with Low UV Index Values Need Reconsideration" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 12: 2067. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16122067