Effects of Dehydration and Rehydration on Cognitive Performance and Mood among Male College Students in Cangzhou, China: A Self-Controlled Trial
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participant Recruitment
2.2. Ethics
2.3. Study Design
2.4. Study Procedure
2.5. Definition
2.6. Assessment of Water Intake from Foods
2.7. Temperature and Humidity
2.8. Anthropometric Measurements
2.9. Assessment of Urine Biomarkers
2.10. Assessment of Blood Biomarkers
2.11. VAS for Subjective Thirst Sensation
2.12. POMS
2.13. Cognitive Performance
2.14. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of the Participants
3.2. Temperature and Humidity
3.3. Fluid from Food, 24 h Urine Volume, Void Number, and Urine Osmolality on Day 3
3.4. Hydration State, Thirst Perception, Related Urine, and Blood Biomarkers
3.5. Effects of Dehydration and Rehydration on POMS
3.6. Effects of Dehydration and Rehydration on Cognitive Performance
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Anthropometric Measurements | Baseline Test | Dehydration Test | Rehydration Test | F | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Height (cm) | 176.0 ± 5.5 | 176.0 ± 5.5 | 176.0 ± 5.5 | - | - |
Weight (kg) | 68.0 ± 10.9 | 67.2 ± 10.5 | 68.4 ± 10.3 | 0.04 | 0.963 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 21.9 ± 3.0 | 21.6 ± 2.9 | 22.0 ± 2.8 | 0.05 | 0.948 |
Blood pressure | |||||
Systolic pressure (mmHg) | 114 ± 7 | 112 ± 8 | 116 ± 8 | 0.914 | 0.411 |
Diastolic pressure (mmHg) | 75 ± 8 | 73 ± 7 | 75 ± 5 | 0.175 | 0.840 |
Hydration State and Related Biomarkers | Baseline Test | Dehydration Test | Rehydration Test | F | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Blood indices | |||||
Osmolality (mOsm/kg) | 304.6 ± 7.1 | 305.7 ± 6.4 | 295.3 ± 7.8 # | 11.98 | <0.001 † |
Glucose (mmol/L) | 4.3 ± 0.3 | 4.5 ± 0.4 | 4.9 ± 0.2 # | 11.67 | <0.001 † |
Urine indices | |||||
Osmolality (mOsm/kg) | 803.2 ± 171.7 * | 1123.3 ± 65.7 | 387.0 ± 268.3 # | 49.13 | <0.001 † |
Thirsty | 3.3 ± 2.2 * | 6.8 ± 2.6 | 1.9 ± 1.5 # | 20.06 | <0.001 † |
Hydration state | |||||
Dehydration state | 6 (50.0%) * | 12 (100.0%) | 1 (8.3%) # | 34.58 Ф | <0.001 † |
Optimal hydration state | 0 (0.0%) * | 0 (0.0%) | 9 (75.0%) # | ||
Middle hydration state | 6 (50.0%) * | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (16.7%) # |
POMS | Baseline Test | Dehydration Test | Rehydration Test | F | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tension | 3.4 ± 2.5 | 3.0 ± 3.6 | 1.8 ± 2.7 | 2.21 | 0.134 |
Anger | 0.9 ± 1.7 | 1.1 ± 1.6 | 0.1 ± 0.3 | 2.26 | 0.092 |
Fatigue | 2.6 ± 2.0 | 4.3 ± 3.8 | 2.1 ± 3.0 # | 3.93 | 0.035 † |
Depression | 1.2 ± 1.6 | 2.2 ± 3.1 | 0.9 ± 1.6 | 2.03 | 0.155 |
Confusion | 2.9 ± 2.2 | 2.8 ± 2.4 | 1.6 ± 1.9 | 2.33 | 0.136 |
Vigor | 11.9 ± 2.5 * | 8.8 ± 4.5 | 9.8 ± 4.3 | 5.52 | 0.011 † |
Esteem-related affect | 8.2 ± 2.2 * | 5.7 ± 2.3 | 6.5 ± 2.3 | 7.16 | 0.004 † |
TMD | 90.9 ± 8.6 | 99.0 ± 17.0 | 90.2 ± 12.3 # | 3.94 | 0.035 † |
Cognitive Performance | Baseline Test | Dehydration Test | Rehydration Test | F | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Digit span | |||||
Forward score | 7.9 ± 0.9 | 7.7 ± 0.8 | 8.6 ± 0.9 # | 6.39 | 0.007 † |
Backward score | 6.4 ± 1.3 | 5.7 ± 1.2 | 6.8 ± 1.6 # | 5.01 | 0.016 † |
Total score | 14.3 ± 1.8 | 13.3 ± 1.4 | 15.4 ± 2.2 # | 15.83 | <0.001 † |
Digit symbol substitution | |||||
Correct number (n) | 67.5 ± 6.0 | 70.8 ± 5.4 | 75.4 ± 4.6 # | 14.93 | <0.001 † |
Dose-work | |||||
Reading speed (n/min) | 339.9 ± 76.6 * | 339.3 ± 69.8 | 486.4 ± 104.4 # | 43.63 | <0.001 † |
Error rate (%) | 0.01 ± 0.04 * | 0.16 ± 0.15 | 0.12 ± 0.11 | 5.40 | 0.012 † |
IMC | 337.3 ± 75.9 | 356.1 ± 83.3 | 450.2 ± 88.4 # | 33.73 | <0.001 † |
Stroop | |||||
Reaction time (s) | 30.7 ± 2.6 * | 30.2 ± 2.2 | 28.7 ± 1.7 # | 10.05 | <0.001 † |
Correct number (n) | 23.3 ± 1.2 | 22.3 ± 1.9 | 23.2 ± 1.2 | 1.69 | 0.200 |
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Zhang, N.; Du, S.M.; Zhang, J.F.; Ma, G.S. Effects of Dehydration and Rehydration on Cognitive Performance and Mood among Male College Students in Cangzhou, China: A Self-Controlled Trial. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 1891. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16111891
Zhang N, Du SM, Zhang JF, Ma GS. Effects of Dehydration and Rehydration on Cognitive Performance and Mood among Male College Students in Cangzhou, China: A Self-Controlled Trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(11):1891. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16111891
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Na, Song M. Du, Jian F. Zhang, and Guan S. Ma. 2019. "Effects of Dehydration and Rehydration on Cognitive Performance and Mood among Male College Students in Cangzhou, China: A Self-Controlled Trial" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 11: 1891. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16111891