Prevalence, Patterns and Self-Perceived Effects of Pornography Consumption in Polish University Students: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Survey
- the prevalence of pornography use and age of first exposure in the studied group;
- the patterns of pornography exposure: (i) the forms and frequency of use, (ii) an average length of single use, (iii) use of private (incognito mode) and multi-window browsing when watching online pornography, and (iv) consumption outside a place of residence;
- the frequency of attempts to cease pornography use in the group of its current users, and prevalence and severity of associated effects (using a four-point scale);
- the self-perceived effects of pornography regarding (i) changes in the type of consumed content such as switching to a novel genre, progression to more extreme (violent) material, viewing content not matching sexual orientation, (ii) sexual satisfaction, (iii) romantic relationship quality, (iv) changes in time of stimulation and number of stimuli needed to reach an orgasm when using pornography, and (v) neglecting basic needs (e.g., sleeping, eating) and duties (e.g., home-associated, occupational) due to pornography use;
- the prevalence of self-perceived addiction to use of pornography; and
- general opinion on pornography: (i) the effect it may have on social relationships, mental health and sexual performance, and psychosocial development in childhood and adolescence, (ii) the possibility that it may cause addiction, (iii) border age of harmless pornography exposure, and (iv) the current legal status of pornography in Poland (an open access to adult pornography).
2.2. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Demographic Characteristics
3.2. The Prevalence of Pornography Use
3.3. Patterns of Pornography Use
3.4. Attempts to Cease Pornography Use
3.5. Self-Perceived Effects of Pornography Use
3.6. Self-Perceived Pornography Addiction
3.7. General Opinion on Pornography
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Wilkinson, E. The diverse economies of online pornography: From paranoid readings to post-capitalist futures. Sexualities 2017, 20, 981–998. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, J.; Jemmott, J.B. Unintentional Exposure to Online Sexual Content and Sexual Behavior Intentions among College Students in China. Asia-Pac. J. Public Health 2015, 27, 561–571. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wright, P.J.; Sun, C.; Steffen, N. Pornography Consumption, Perceptions of Pornography as Sexual Information, and Condom Use. J. Sex Marital Ther. 2018, 10, 1–6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pornhub. Available online: https://www.pornhub.com/insights/2018-year-in-review (accessed on 2 May 2019).
- Pornography Statistics. 250+Facts, Quotes, and Statistics about Pornography Use. Covenant Eyes Internet Accountability and Filtering. Available online: http://www.covenanteyes.com/pornstats (accessed on 2 May 2019).
- Chen, A.-S.; Leung, M.; Chen, C.-H.; Yang, S.C. Exposure to Internet pornography among Taiwanese adolescents. Soc. Behav. Personal. 2013, 41, 157–164. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mattebo, M.; Tydén, T.; Häggström-Nordin, E.; Nilsson, K.W.; Larsson, M. Pornography and sexual experiences among high school students in Sweden. J. Dev. Behav. Pediatr. 2014, 35, 179–188. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Laan, E.; Everaerd, W. Habituation of female sexual arousal to slides and film. Arch. Sex. Behav. 1995, 24, 517–541. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Koukounas, E.; Over, R. Male Sexual Arousal Elicited by Film and Fantasy Matched in Content. Aust. J. Psychol. 1997, 49, 1–5. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hilton, D.L., Jr. Pornography addiction—A supranormal stimulus considered in the context of neuroplasticity. Socioaffect. Neurosci. Psychol. 2013, 3, 20767. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Goodwin, B.C.; Browne, M.; Rockloff, M. Measuring preference for supernormal over natural rewards: A two-dimen-sional anticipatory pleasure scale. Evol. Psychol. 2015, 13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Park, B.Y.; Wilson, G.; Berger, J.; Christman, M.; Reina, B.; Bishop, F.; Klam, W.P.; Doan, A.P. Is Internet pornography causing sexual dysfunctions? A review with clinical reports. Behav. Sci. 2016, 6, 17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sun, C.; Bridges, A.; Johnason, J.; Ezzell, M. Pornography and the Male Sexual Script: An Analysis of Consumption and Sexual Relations. Arch. Sex. Behav. 2014, 45, 995. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Carvalheira, A.; Træen, B.; Stulhofer, A. Masturbation and Pornography Use among Coupled Heterosexual Men with Decreased Sexual Desire: How Many Roles of Masturbation? J. Sex Marital Ther. 2015, 41, 626–635. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wéry, A.; Billieux, J. Online sexual activities: An exploratory study of problematic and non-problematic usage patterns in a sample of men. Comput. Hum. Behav. 2016, 56, 257–266. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Steele, V.R.; Staley, C.; Fong, T.; Prause, N. Sexual desire, not hypersexuality, is related to neurophysiological responses elicited by sexual images. Socioaffect. Neurosci. Psychol. 2013, 3, 20770. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zillmann, D.; Bryant, J. Pornography’s Impact on Sexual Satisfaction. J. Appl. Soc. Psychol. 2006, 18, 438–453. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bridges, A.J.; Morokoff, P.J. Sexual media use and relational satisfaction in heterosexual couples. Pers. Relatsh. 2011, 18, 562–585. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Poulsen, F.O.; Busby, D.M.; Galovan, A.M. Pornography use: Who uses it and how it is associated with couple outcomes. J. Sex Res. 2013, 50, 72–83. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Perry, S.L. Does Viewing Pornography Reduce Marital Quality Over Time? Evidence from Longitudinal Data. Arch. Sex. Behav. 2016, 46, 549–559. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Landripet, I.; Stulhofer, A. Is pornography use associated with sexual difficulties and dysfunctions among younger heterosexual men? J. Sex. Med. 2015, 12, 1136–1139. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pizzol, D.; Bertoldo, A.; Foresta, C. Adolescents and web porn: A new era of sexuality. Int. J. Adolesc. Med. Health 2016, 28, 169–173. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Prause, N.; Pfaus, J. Viewing sexual stimuli associated with greater sexual responsiveness, not erectile dysfunction. Sex. Med. 2015, 3, 90–98. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Grubbs, J.B.; Gola, M. Is pornography use related to erectile functioning? Results from cross-sectional and latent growth curve analyses. J. Sex. Med. 2019, 16, 111–125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Eders, M.J. Sex for health and pleasure throughout a lifetime. J. Sex. Med. 2010, 7 (Suppl. 5), 248–249. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Krejcova, L.; Chovanec, M.; Weiss, P.; Klapilova, K. Pornography consumption in women and its association with sexual desire and sexual satisfaction. J. Sex. Med. 2017, 5 (Suppl. 4), 243. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sabina, C.; Wolak, J.; Finkelhor, D. The nature and dynamics of Internet 614 pornography exposure for youth. Cyberpscyhol. Behav. 2008, 11, 691–693. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Duffy, A.; Dawson, D.L.; das Nair, R. Pornography Addiction in Adults: A Systematic Review of Definitions and Reported Impact. J. Sex. Med. 2016, 13, 760–777. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Grubbs, J.B.; Perry, S.L. Moral Incongruence and Pornography Use: A Critical Review and Integration. J. Sex Res. 2019, 56, 29–37. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sniewski, L.; Farvid, P.; Carter, P. The assessment and treatment of adult heterosexual men with self-perceived problematic pornography use: A review. Addict. Behav. 2018, 77, 217–224. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brand, M.; Young, K.S.; Laier, C. Prefrontal control and Internet addiction: A theoretical model and review of neuropsychological and neuroimaging findings. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 2014, 8, 375. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kühn, S.; Gallinat, J. Brain structure and functional connectivity associated with pornography consumption: The brain on porn. JAMA Psychiatry 2014, 71, 827–834. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brand, M.; Snagowski, J.; Laier, C.; Maderwald, S. Ventral striatum activity when watching preferred pornographic pictures is correlated with symptoms of Internet pornography addiction. NeuroImage 2016, 129, 224–232. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Klucken, T.; Wehrum-Osinsky, S.; Schweckendiek, J.; Kruse, O.; Stark, R. Altered appetitive conditioning and neural connectivity in subjects with compulsive sexual behavior. J. Sex. Med. 2016, 13, 627–636. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Love, T.; Laier, C.; Brand, M.; Hatch, L.; Hajela, R. Neuroscience of Internet pornography: A review and update. Behav. Sci. 2015, 5, 388–433. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ley, D.; Prause, N.; Finn, P. The Emperor Has No Clothes: A Review of the “Pornography Addiction” Model. Curr. Sex. Health Rep. 2014, 6, 94–105. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kraus, S.W.; Meshberg-Cohen, S.; Martino, S.; Quinones, L.J.; Potenza, M.N. Treatment of compulsive pornography use with naltrexone: A case report. Am. J. Psychiatry 2015, 172, 1260–1261. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Capurso, N.A. Naltrexone for the treatment of comorbid tobacco and pornography addiction. Am. J. Addict. 2017, 26, 115–117. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kaestle, C.; Halpern, C. What’s Love got to do with it? Sexual Behaviors of Opposite-Sex Couples through Emerging Adulthood. Perspect. Sex. Reprod. Health 2007, 39, 134–140. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bailey, J.; Flemming, C.; Henson, J.; Catalano, R.; Haggerty, K. Sexual Risk Behavior 6 Months Post–High School: Associations with College Attendance, Living with a Parent, and Prior Risk Behavior. J. Adolesc. Health 2008, 42, 573–579. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ballester-Arnal, R.; Castro Calvo, J.; Gil-Llario, M.D.; Gil-Julia, B. Cybersex Addiction: A Study on Spanish College Students. J. Sex Marital Ther. 2017, 243, 567–585. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Baltieri, D.A.; Aguiar, A.S.; de Oliveira, V.H.; de Souza Gatti, A.L.; de Souza Aranha, E.; Silva, R.A. Validation of the Pornography Consumption Inventory in a Sample of Male Brazilian University Students. J. Sex Marital Ther. 2015, 41, 649–660. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Baltieri, D.A.; Luísa de Souza Gatti, A.; Henrique de Oliveira, V.; Junqueira Aguiar, A.S.; Almeida de Souza Aranha e Silva, R. A validation study of the Brazilian version of the pornography consumption inventory (PCI) in a sample of female university students. J. Forensic Leg. Med. 2016, 38, 81–86. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brown, C.C.; Conner, S.; Vennum, A. Sexual Attitudes of Classes of College Students Who Use Pornography. Cyberpsychol. Behav. Soc. Netw. 2017, 20, 463–469. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chowdhury, M.R.H.K.; Chowdhury, M.R.K.; Kabir, R.; Perera, N.K.P.; Kader, M. Does the addiction in online pornography affect the behavioral pattern of undergrad private university students in Bangladesh? Int. J. Health Sci. 2018, 12, 67–74. [Google Scholar]
- Ucar, T.; Golbasi, Z.; Senturk Erenel, A. Sexuality and the Internet: A Study of the Perspectives of Turkish University Students. Cyberpsychol. Behav. Soc. Netw. 2016, 19, 740–745. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nasrollahi, B.; Darandegan, K.; Rafatmah, A. The relationship between personali ty traits and sexual variety seeking. Procedia Soc. Behav. Sci. 2011, 30, 1399–1402. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nagelkerke, N.J.; Bernsen, R.M.; Sgaier, S.K.; Jha, P. Body mass index, sexual behaviour, and sexually transmitted infections: An analysis using the NHANES 1999–2000 data. BMC Public Health 2006, 6, 199. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Miller, D.J.; McBain, K.A.; Wendy, W.L.; Raggat, P.T.F. Pornography, preference for porn-like sex, masturbation, and men’s sexual and relationship satisfaction. Pers. Relatsh. 2019, 26, 93–113. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wright, K.B. Researching Internet-based populations: Advantages and disadvantages of online survey research, online questionnaire authoring software packages, and web survey services. J. Comput. Mediat. Commun. 2005, 10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rzymski, P.; Jaśkiewicz, M. Microalgal food supplements from the perspective of Polish consumers: Patterns of use, adverse events, and beneficial effects. J. Appl. Phycol. 2017, 29, 1841–1850. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gilliland, R.; South, M.; Carpenter, B.N.; Hardy, S.A. The roles of shame and guilt in hypersexual behavior. Sex. Addict. Compuls. 2011, 18, 12–29. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Koletić, G.; Cohen, N.; Štulhofer, A.; Kohut, T. Does Asking Adolescents About Pornography Make Them Use It? A Test of the Question-Behavior Effect. J. Sex Res. 2019, 56, 137–141. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Peter, J.; Valkenburg, P.M. Do questions about watching Internet pornography make people watch Internet pornography? A comparison between adolescents and adults. Int. J. Public Opin. Res. 2012, 24, 400–410. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- DeNeve, K.M.; Cooper, H. The happy personality: A meta-analysis of 137 personality traits and subjective well-being. Psychol. Bull. 1998, 124, 197–229. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bland, J.M.; Altman, D.G. The odds ratio. Br. Med. J. 2000, 320, 1468. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cavazos-Rehg, P.A.; Krauss, M.J.; Spitznagel, E.L.; Schootman, M.; Bucholz, K.K.; Peipert, J.F.; Sanders-Thompson, V.; Cottler, L.B.; Bierut, L.J. Age of sexual debut among US adolescents. Contraception 2009, 80, 158–162. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ybarra, M.L.; Mitchell, K.J. Exposure to Internet pornography among children and adolescents: A national survey. Cyberpsychol. Behav. 2005, 8, 473–486. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Martyniuk, U.; Briken, P.; Sehner, S.; Richter-Appelt, H.; Dekker, A. Pornography Use and Sexual Behavior among Polish and German University Students. J. Sex Marital Ther. 2016, 42, 494–514. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bulot, C.; Leurent, B.; Collier, F. Pornography sexual behaviour and risk behaviour at university. Sexologies 2015, 24, 78–83. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rissel, C.; Richters, J.; de Visser, R.O.; McKee, A.; Yeung, A.; Caruana, T. A Profile of Pornography Users in Australia: Findings from the Second Australian Study of Health and Relationships. J. Sex Res. 2017, 54, 227–240. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wright, P.J.; Bae, S.; Funk, M. United States women and pornography through four decades: Exposure, attitudes, behaviors, individual differences. Arch. Sex. Behav. 2013, 42, 1131–1144. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Campbell, L.; Kohut, T. The use and effects of pornography in romantic relationships. Curr. Opin. Psychol. 2017, 13, 6–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yucel, D.; Gassanov, M.A. Exploring actor and partner correlates of sexual satisfaction among married couples. Soc. Sci. Res. 2010, 3, 725–738. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Willoughby, B.J.; Leonhardt, N.D. Behind closed doors: Individual and joint pornography use among romantic couples. J. Sex Res. 2018. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Carroll, J.S.; Busby, D.M.; Willoughby, B.J.; Brown, C.C. The porn gap: Differences in men’s and women’s pornography patterns in couple relationships. J. Couple Relatsh. Ther. 2017, 16, 146–163. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Carroll, J.S.; Padilla-Walker, L.M.; Nelson, L.J.; Olson, C.D.; Barry, C.; Madsen, S.D. Generation XXX: Pornography acceptance and use among emerging adults. J. Adolesc. Res. 2008, 23, 6–30. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Olmstead, S.B.; Negash, S.; Pasley, K.; Fincham, F.D. Emerging adults’ expectations for pornography use in the context of future committed romantic relationships: A qualitative study. Arch. Sex. Behav. 2013, 42, 625–635. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Negy, C.; Plaza, D.; Reig-Ferrer, A.; Fernandez-Pascual, M.D. Is viewing sexually explicit material cheating on your partner? A comparison between the United States and Spain. Arch. Sex. Behav. 2018, 47, 737–745. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shor, E.; Seida, K. “Harder and Harder”? Is Mainstream Pornography Becoming Increasingly Violent and Do Viewers Prefer Violent Content? J. Sex Res. 2019, 56, 16–28. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Romito, P.; Beltramini, L. Factors Associated with Exposure to Violent or Degrading Pornography among High School Students. J. Sch. Nurs. 2015, 31, 280–290. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ybarra, M.L.; Mitchell, K.J.; Hamburger, M.; Diener-West, M.; Leaf, P.J. X-rated material and perpetration of sexually aggressive behavior among children and adolescents: Is there a link? Aggress. Behav. 2011, 37, 1–18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lim, M.S.; Carrotte, E.R.; Hellard, M.E. The impact of pornography on gender-based violence, sexual health and well-being: What do we know? J. Epidemiol. Community Health 2015, 70, 3–5. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Geczy, A. Straight Internet porn and the natrificial: Body and dress. Fash. Theory J. Dress Body Cult. 2014, 18, 169–188. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Boyes, A.D.; Latner, J.D. Weight stigma in existing romantic relationships. J. Sex Marital Ther. 2009, 35, 282–293. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cheng, J.Y.W.; Ng, E.M.L. Body mass index, physical activity and erectile dysfunction: An U-shaped relationship from population-based study. Int. J. Obes. 2007, 31, 1571–1578. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Flood, M. The harms of pornography exposure among children and young people. Child Abus. Rev. 2009, 6, 384–400. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Grubbs, J.B.; Stauner, N.; Exline, J.J.; Pargament, K.I.; Lindberg, M.J. Perceived addiction to Internet pornography and psychological distress: Examining relationships concurrently and over time. Psychol. Addict. Behav. 2015, 29, 1056–1067. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Feise, R.J. Do multiple outcome measures require p-value adjustment? BMC Med. Res. Methodol. 2002, 2, 8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Træen, B.; Daneback, K. The use of pornography and sexual behavior among Norwegian men and women of differing sexual orientation. Sexologie 2012, 22, 41–48. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bradley, D.F.; Grubbs, J.B.; Uzdavines, A.; Exline, J.J.; Pargament, K.I. Perceived addiction to Internet pornography among religious believers and nonbelievers. Sex. Addict. Compuls. 2016, 23, 225–243. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Parameter | Male (n = 2633) | Female (n = 3830) |
---|---|---|
Mean ± SD (min–max) | Mean ± SD (min–max) | |
Age (years) | 22.1 ± 1.7 (18–26) | 22.1 ± 1.7 (18–26) |
Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | 23.5 ± 3.5 (11.2–56.1) | 22.0 ± 3.7 (9.4–70.6) |
n (%) | n (%) | |
Underweight (<18.5) Normal weight (18.5–24.9) Overweight (25.0–29.9) Class I obesity (30.0–34.9) Class II obesity (35.0–39.9) Class II obesity (>40.0) | 93 (3.5) 1791 (68.0) 635 (24.1) 96 (3.6) 15 (0.6) 3 (0.1) | 495 (12.9) 2680 (70.0) 524 (13.7) 97 (2.5) 23 (0.6) 11 (0.3) |
Romantic relationship status | ||
Single / In a relationship | 1499 (56.9)/1134 (43.1) | 1402 (36.6)/2428 (63.4) |
n/n (%/%) | n/n (%/%) | |
Personality traits | ||
Optimistic/Pessimistic Extroversive/Introversive Confident/Shy Curious/Uninquisitive Sensitive/Insensitive Happy/Sad Calm/Aggressive Trusting/Conscious Sociable/Unsociable | 1681/952 (63.8/36.2) 2633/1742 (66.2/33.8) 1430/1203 (54.3/45.7) 2322/311 (88.2/11.8) 2240/393 (85.1/14.9) 1957/676 (74.3/25.7) 2279/354 (86.6/13.4) 1525/1108 (57.9/42.1) 1815/818 (68.9/31.1) | 2289/1541 (59.8/40.2) 1545/2285 (40.3/59.7) 1988/1842 (51.9/48.1) 3489/341 (91.1/8.9) 3503/327 (91.5/8.5) 2908/922 (75.9/24.1) 2990/840 (78.1/21.9) 2120/1710 (55.4/44.6) 2789/1038 (72.9/27.1) |
Effects | Occurrence (%) | Severity of Effect (%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Minorly Disruptive | Moderately Disruptive | Severely Disruptive | Very Severely Disruptive | ||
Insomnia | 11.7 | 49.8 | 30.8 | 13.0 | 6.3 |
Irritability | 26.4 | 54.6 | 27.9 | 11.9 | 5.6 |
Hands trembling | 5.1 | 49.5 | 31.5 | 13.5 | 5.4 |
Aggression | 14.0 | 59.2 | 22.7 | 11.2 | 6.9 |
Anxiety | 9.0 | 47.2 | 27.2 | 17.9 | 7.7 |
Libido decrease | 17.3 | 50.9 | 30.7 | 10.9 | 7.5 |
Depression | 13.1 | 43.5 | 28.3 | 16.6 | 11.7 |
Erotic dreams | 53.5 | 32.9 | 42.2 | 17.0 | 7.8 |
Attention disturbance | 26.0 | 48.0 | 30.0 | 13.7 | 8.3 |
Sense of loneliness | 22.2 | 41.7 | 26.0 | 17.9 | 14.4 |
Effect | Sex | Quartiles of Age of First Exposure to Pornography (Years) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q4 (>16) | Q3 (15–16) | Q2 (13–14) | Q1 (≤12) | ||
Need for longer stimulation to reach orgasm | Female | 1.0 (reference) | 1.16 (0.81–1.66) p > 0.05 | 1.79 (1.30–2.5) p < 0.001 | 1.62 (1.09–2.41) p < 0.05 |
Male | 1.06 (0.68–1.66) p > 0.05 | 1.58 (1.06–2.36) p < 0.05 | 2.41 (1.52–3.80) p < 0.001 | ||
Need for more sexual stimuli to reach orgasm | Female | 1.56 (1.13–2.17) p < 0.01 | 2.37 (1.76–3.20) p < 0.001 | 2.64 (1.86–3.74) p < 0.001 | |
Male | 1.06 (0.74–1.53) p > 0.05 | 1.51 (1.01–2.09) p < 0.05 | 1.94 (1.31–2.88) p < 0.001 | ||
Decrease in sexual satisfaction | Female | 0.92 (0.70–1.20) p > 0.05 | 1.73 (1.36–2.20) p < 0.001 | 2.21 (1.65–2.94) p < 0.001 | |
Male | 1.32 (0.94–1.83) p > 0.05 | 1.90 (1.40–2.57) p < 0.001 | 2.40 (1.67–3.46) p < 0.001 | ||
Decrease in romantic relationship quality | Female | 1.01 (0.70–1.46) p < 0.05 | 1.87 (1.36–2.57) p < 0.001 | 2.16 (1.49–3.14) p < 0.001 | |
Male | 1.15 (0.76–1.75) p > 0.05 | 1.91 (1.31–2.77) p < 0.001 | 1.87 (1.20–2.93) p < 0.01 | ||
Neglecting basic needs | Female | 1.15 (0.81–1.64) p > 0.05 | 2.04 (1.50–2.79) p < 0.001 | 2.30 (1.61–3.30) p < 0.001 | |
Male | 1.66 (1.07–2.57) p < 0,05 | 2.52 (1.69–3.76) p < 0.001 | 3.20 (2.04–5.04) p < 0.001 | ||
Neglecting everyday duties | Female | 1.30 (0.94–1.81) p > 0.05 | 2.75 (2.06–3.67) p < 0.001 | 3.07 (2.20–4.28) p < 0.001 | |
Male | 2.16 (1.43–3.28) p < 0.001 | 3.56 (2.43–5.21) p < 0.001 | 3.82 (2.48–5.90) p < 0.001 | ||
Self-perceived pornography addiction | Female | 1.95 (1.32–2.89) p < 0.01 | 3.73 (2.61–5.31) p < 0.001 | 4.23 (2.85–6.28) p < 0.001 | |
Male | 3.46 (2.01–5.99) p < 0.001 | 5.94 (3.55–9.94) p < 0.001 | 7.25 (4.16–12.63) p < 0.001 |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Dwulit, A.D.; Rzymski, P. Prevalence, Patterns and Self-Perceived Effects of Pornography Consumption in Polish University Students: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 1861. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16101861
Dwulit AD, Rzymski P. Prevalence, Patterns and Self-Perceived Effects of Pornography Consumption in Polish University Students: A Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(10):1861. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16101861
Chicago/Turabian StyleDwulit, Aleksandra Diana, and Piotr Rzymski. 2019. "Prevalence, Patterns and Self-Perceived Effects of Pornography Consumption in Polish University Students: A Cross-Sectional Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 10: 1861. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16101861