Data-Driven Analysis of Antimicrobial Resistance in Foodborne Pathogens from Six States within the US
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data from the NCBI Pathogen Detection Isolates Browser (NPDIB)
2.2. Multivariate Statistical Analysis: Principal Component Analysis and Hierarchical Clustering
3. Results
3.1. Identification of Antimicrobials to Which Pathogens Show Most Resistance in States PA, MD, NY, NM, MN, and CA
3.2. Identification of Antimicrobial-Resistance Genes Most Common in States PA, MD, NY, NM, MN, and CA
3.3. Identification of Foodborne Pathogens Mostly Carrying Antimicrobial-Resistance Genes in PA, MD, NY, NM, MN, and CA
3.4. Identification of Meats Mostly Carrying Antimicrobial-Resistance Genes in States PA, MD, NY, NM, MN, and CA
4. Discussion
4.1. Overuse of Antimicrobials and Antimicrobial-Resistance Genes
4.2. The Impact of Geographic Location on the Distribution of Antimicrobial-Resistance Genes
4.3. Limitations and Future Work
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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States | PA | NY | MD | NM | MN | CA | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Antimicrobials | |||||||
Ampicillin | |||||||
Streptomycin | |||||||
Gentamicin | |||||||
Kanamycin | |||||||
Cefoxitin | |||||||
Sulfisoxazole | |||||||
Tetracycline | |||||||
Ciprofloxacin |
States | aadA | aph(3’’) | aph(3’’)-Ib | aph(6)-I | aph(6)-Id | bla | blaCMY | tet | tet(A) | sul2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PA | ||||||||||
NY | ||||||||||
MD | ||||||||||
NM | ||||||||||
MN | ||||||||||
CA |
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Zhang, N.; Liu, E.; Tang, A.; Ye, M.C.; Wang, K.; Jia, Q.; Huang, Z. Data-Driven Analysis of Antimicrobial Resistance in Foodborne Pathogens from Six States within the US. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 1811. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16101811
Zhang N, Liu E, Tang A, Ye MC, Wang K, Jia Q, Huang Z. Data-Driven Analysis of Antimicrobial Resistance in Foodborne Pathogens from Six States within the US. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(10):1811. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16101811
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Nina, Emily Liu, Alexander Tang, Martin Cheng Ye, Kevin Wang, Qian Jia, and Zuyi Huang. 2019. "Data-Driven Analysis of Antimicrobial Resistance in Foodborne Pathogens from Six States within the US" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 10: 1811. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16101811