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Volume 16
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10.3390/ijerph16101736
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Review

A Review on Equine Piroplasmosis: Epidemiology, Vector Ecology, Risk Factors, Host Immunity, Diagnosis and Control

by
ThankGod E. Onyiche
1,2,*,
Keisuke Suganuma
3,
Ikuo Igarashi
3,
Naoaki Yokoyama
3,
Xuenan Xuan
3 and
Oriel Thekisoe
1
1
Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
2
Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, University of Maiduguri, P. M. B. 1069, Maiduguri 600230, Nigeria
3
National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16(10), 1736; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16101736
Submission received: 9 February 2019 / Revised: 18 April 2019 / Accepted: 20 April 2019 / Published: 16 May 2019
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ticks and Tick Vectored Diseases—Biology to Society)
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Abstract

Equine Piroplasmosis (EP) is a tick-borne disease caused by apicomplexan protozoan parasites, Babesia caballi and Theileria equi. The disease is responsible for serious economic losses to the equine industry. It principally affects donkeys, horses, mules, and zebra but DNA of the parasites has also been detected in dogs and camels raising doubt about their host specificity. The disease is endemic in tropical and temperate regions of the world where the competent tick vectors are prevalent. Infected equids remain carrier for life with T. equi infection, whilst, infection with B. caballi is cleared within a few years. This review focuses on all aspects of the disease from the historical overview, biology of the parasite, epidemiology of the disease (specifically highlighting other non-equine hosts, such as dogs and camels), vector, clinical manifestations, risk factors, immunology, genetic diversity, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.
Keywords: Equine Piroplasmosis; tick-borne disease; epidemiology; ticks; equines; Babesia caballi; Theileria equi Equine Piroplasmosis; tick-borne disease; epidemiology; ticks; equines; Babesia caballi; Theileria equi

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MDPI and ACS Style

Onyiche, T.E.; Suganuma, K.; Igarashi, I.; Yokoyama, N.; Xuan, X.; Thekisoe, O. A Review on Equine Piroplasmosis: Epidemiology, Vector Ecology, Risk Factors, Host Immunity, Diagnosis and Control. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 1736. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16101736

AMA Style

Onyiche TE, Suganuma K, Igarashi I, Yokoyama N, Xuan X, Thekisoe O. A Review on Equine Piroplasmosis: Epidemiology, Vector Ecology, Risk Factors, Host Immunity, Diagnosis and Control. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(10):1736. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16101736

Chicago/Turabian Style

Onyiche, ThankGod E., Keisuke Suganuma, Ikuo Igarashi, Naoaki Yokoyama, Xuenan Xuan, and Oriel Thekisoe. 2019. "A Review on Equine Piroplasmosis: Epidemiology, Vector Ecology, Risk Factors, Host Immunity, Diagnosis and Control" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 10: 1736. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16101736

APA Style

Onyiche, T. E., Suganuma, K., Igarashi, I., Yokoyama, N., Xuan, X., & Thekisoe, O. (2019). A Review on Equine Piroplasmosis: Epidemiology, Vector Ecology, Risk Factors, Host Immunity, Diagnosis and Control. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(10), 1736. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16101736

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