Occurrence, Removal and Bioaccumulation of Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Lake Chaohu, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals and Standards
2.2. Sample Collection
2.3. Sample Preparation and Analysis
2.4. Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC)
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Occurrence, Removal and Flux of PFAAs from STPs
3.2. Occurrence and Distribution of PFAAs in The Rivers around Lake Chaohu
3.3. Occurrence and Distribution of PFAAs in Lake Chaohu
3.4. Composition of PFAAs in Lake Chaohu and Global Comparison
3.5. Occurrence of The Selected PFAAs in Biota Samples
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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STP | Flow (m3 day−1) | Concentrations (ng L−1) | Flux (g) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΣShort-Chain PFASs | ΣLong-Chain PFASs | ΣShort-Chain PFASs | ΣLong-Chain PFASs | ||
STP1 | 180,000 | 28.4 | 8.9 | 5.11 | 1.6 |
STP2 | 300,000 | 23.3 | 20.6 | 6.98 | 6.19 |
STP3 | 200,000 | 15.8 | 14.6 | 3.16 | 2.91 |
STP4 | 110,000 | 8.95 | 8.01 | 0.98 | 0.88 |
STP5 | 600,000 | 14.2 | 112 | 8.5 | 67.1 |
STP6 | 50,000 | 12 | 171 | 0.6 | 8.56 |
STP7 | 600,000 | 179 | 36.4 | 107 | 21.8 |
Sum. | 2,040,000 |
Analytes | Inflowing Rivers | Lake Sites | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Detection Frequency (%) | Range | Median | Mean | Detection Frequency (%) | Range | Median | Mean | |
PFBA | 100 | 15.2–52.2 | 28.3 | 31.1 | 100 | 12.7–46.2 | 30.7 | 29.5 |
PFPeA | 100 | 11.1–67.5 | 41.5 | 37.7 | 100 | 9.06–236 | 44.5 | 57.5 |
PFHxA | 100 | 2.9–16.9 | 3.86 | 7.26 | 100 | 2.42–6.55 | 4.46 | 4.73 |
PFHpA | 89 | ND–5.21 | 1.92 | 2.05 | 100 | 0.92–5.69 | 2.5 | 2.71 |
PFOA | 100 | 8.68–25.4 | 16.9 | 16.9 | 100 | 17.1–33.3 | 20.82 | 21.6 |
PFNA | 89 | ND–2.29 | 1.15 | 1.15 | 100 | 0.64–3 | 1.3 | 1.53 |
PFDA | 100 | 0.64–2.29 | 1.43 | 1.50 | 100 | 0.66–3.11 | 1.77 | 1.76 |
PFUnDA | 56 | ND– <LOQ | LOQ | LOQ | 100 | ND–7.07 | ND | 7.07 |
PFDoDA | 56 | ND– <LOQ | LOQ | LOQ | 100 | ND–9.95 | ND | 9.95 |
PFTriDA | 33 | ND– <LOQ | ND | LOQ | 71 | ND–18 | ND | 15 |
PFTDA | 33 | ND– <LOQ | ND | LOQ | 79 | ND–2.85 | ND | 2.14 |
PFBS | 100 | 1.66–710 | 5.9 | 83.2 | 100 | 4.39–27 | 7.92 | 10.2 |
PFHXS | 100 | 0.77–1866 | 4.89 | 211 | 100 | 3.44–168 | 18.50 | 32 |
PFOS | 100 | 1.38–49.4 | 2.79 | 9.42 | 100 | 2.37–6.81 | 4.33 | 4.29 |
Compound | Lake Chaohu, China (This Study) | Lake Chaohu, China [33] | Lake Taihu, China [50] | Bohai Sea, China [52] | Rivers, Swedish [53] | Rivers, Japan [51] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PFBA | 12.7–46.2 | 0.31–6.77 | ND–4.06 | ND–2.9 | 0.47–3.7 | ND–18 |
PFPA | 9.06–236 | 0.03–8.12 | ND–6.08 | ND–7.91 | ND–16 | |
PFHxA | 2.42–6.55 | 0.19–15.9 | ND–22.2 | ND–17.4 | 0.51–4.2 | ND–16000 |
PFHpA | 0.92–5.69 | 0.14–1.47 | 1.28–4.53 | ND–1.46 | 0.36–1.7 | ND–27 |
PFOA | 17.1–33.3 | 1.32–23.5 | 2.15–73.9 | ND–83.4 | 0.21–4.2 | ND–360 |
PFNA | 0.64–2.69 | 0.05–1.74 | 0.55–5.04 | ND–0.53 | 0.09–5.8 | ND–39 |
PFDA | 0.66–3.11 | 0.02–0.7 | ND–2.93 | ND–0.93 | 0.02–4.4 | ND–47 |
PFUnDA | ND–7.07 | ND–0.12 | ND–3.27 | ND–1.4 | 0.02–1.8 | ND–39 |
PFDoDA | ND–9.95 | ND–0.89 | ND–0.46 | 0.02–0.82 | ND–4.1 | |
PFTriDA | ND–18 | ND | ||||
PFTDA | ND–2.85 | ND–0.21 | 0.09–1.5 | |||
PFBS | 4.39–27 | 0.03–6.14 | ND–1.46 | 0.03–19 | ND–49 | |
PFHxS | 3.44–168 | 0.01–0.96 | ND–6.92 | ND–0.28 | 0.05–18 | ND–8.4 |
PFOS | 2.37–6.81 | ND–0.82 | ND–10.5 | ND–6.8 | 0.04–6.9 | ND–97 |
Analytes | Detection Frequency (%) | Concentrations (ng/g DW) | BAF | logBAF | logBAF [11] | logBAF [54] | logBAF [55] | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Min–Max | Mean | Min–Max | Mean | ||||||
PFBA | 100 | 1.42–19.3 | 5.12 | 48.2–655 | 174 | 2.24 | 0.95–3.58 | ||
PFPeA | 100 | 0.64–12.4 | 3.18 | 11.4–128 | 55.3 | 1.74 | 3.53–3.94 | ||
PFHxA | 46 | 0.12–4.76 | 1.02 | 25.2–1007 | 469 | 2.67 | |||
PFHpA | 54 | 0.12–4.88 | 1.03 | 52.3–1801 | 706 | 2.85 | |||
PFOA | 100 | 0.26–4.17 | 1.34 | 12.1–193 | 61.9 | 1.79 | 0.99–1.94 | 2.91 | 1.32–2.08 |
PFNA | 85 | 1.19–5.83 | 2.64 | 778–3813 | 2043 | 3.31 | 1.69–2.97 | 2.15–3.53 | |
PFDA | 100 | 0.33–13.9 | 5.6 | 186–7867 | 3183 | 3.5 | 1.48–3.75 | 4.3 | 2.20–3.98 |
PFUnDA | 100 | 1.09–10.1 | 4.83 | 155–1427 | 684 | 2.83 | 2.50–4.17 | 2.79–4.45 | |
PFDoDA | 100 | 0.33–2.78 | 1.49 | 39.4–279 | 150 | 2.17 | 2.89–4.06 | 0.04–1.23 | |
PFTriDA | 92 | 0.44–2.78 | 1.23 | 29.2–186 | 93.3 | 1.97 | |||
PFTDA | 85 | 0.14–1.81 | 0.49 | 102–844 | 289 | 2.46 | |||
PFBS | 46 | 0.60–4.05 | 1.11 | 58.5–398 | 235 | 2.37 | |||
PFHXS | 46 | 0.14–1.79 | 0.41 | 4.33–55.7 | 27.9 | 1.45 | |||
PFOS | 100 | 0.44–50.6 | 9.73 | 102–11,794 | 2267 | 3.35 | 2.23–3.77 | 3.51–5.02 | 2.26–3.58 |
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Pan, X.; Ye, J.; Zhang, H.; Tang, J.; Pan, D. Occurrence, Removal and Bioaccumulation of Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Lake Chaohu, China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 1692. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16101692
Pan X, Ye J, Zhang H, Tang J, Pan D. Occurrence, Removal and Bioaccumulation of Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Lake Chaohu, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(10):1692. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16101692
Chicago/Turabian StylePan, Xu, Jing Ye, Hui Zhang, Jun Tang, and Dandan Pan. 2019. "Occurrence, Removal and Bioaccumulation of Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Lake Chaohu, China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 10: 1692. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16101692