The Association between US Adolescents’ Weight Status, Weight Perception, Weight Satisfaction, and Their Physical Activity and Dietary Behaviors
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Analytic Sample
2.2. Weight Status
2.3. Weight Perception and Weight Perception Accuracy
2.4. Weight Satisfaction
2.5. Physical Activity
2.6. Diet Quality
2.7. Lifestyle Groups
2.8. Demographic Characteristics
2.9. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Declaration
References
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Total | Males | Females | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
n = 2965 | n = 1504 | n = 1461 | ||
Gender, n (weighted %) | ||||
Males | 1504 (50.3) | - | - | - |
Females | 1461 (49.7) | - | - | - |
Age (years) (mean ± SE) | 14.5 ± 0.0 | 14.5 ± 0.1 | 14.6 ± 0.1 | 0.409 |
Ethnicity, n (weighted %) | ||||
Non-Hispanic White | 827 (57.7) | 435 (57.4) | 392 (57.9) | 0.804 |
Non-Hispanic Black | 748 (14.1) | 378 (14.0) | 370 (14.2) | 0.856 |
Mexican American | 695 (13.7) | 346 (13.8) | 349 (13.5) | 0.787 |
Other Hispanic | 342 (6.5) | 171 (6.6) | 171 (6.4) | 0.772 |
Others | 353 (8.0) | 174 (8.1) | 179 (7.9) | 0.857 |
Parent education level, n (weighted %) | ||||
High school or less | 1420 (39.6) | 719 (38.9) | 701 (40.3) | 0.524 |
College or above | 1451 (60.4) | 736 (61.1) | 715 (59.7) | 0.524 |
Poverty to income ratio, n (weighted %) | ||||
<1.0 | 793 (19.4) | 394 (19.0) | 399 (19.9) | 0.589 |
≥1.0 | 1941 (80.6) | 994 (81.0) | 947 (80.1) | 0.589 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 23.5 ± 0.1 | 23.4 ± 0.2 | 23.6 ± 0.2 | 0.446 |
Weight status, n (weighted %) | ||||
Normal weight | 1765 (62.1) | 905 (60.6) | 860 (63.6) | 0.308 |
Overweight | 521 (17.1) | 254 (17.6) | 267 (16.6) | 0.604 |
Obesity | 679 (20.8) | 345 (21.8) | 334 (19.8) | 0.291 |
Perceived weight status, n (weighted %) | ||||
Thin | 196 (5.5) | 128 (7.3) | 68 (3.6) | <0.001 * |
Normal | 2055 (72.6) | 1093 (75.6) | 962 (69.6) | <0.001 * |
Overweight/Obese | 714 (21.9) | 283 (17.1) | 431 (26.8) | <0.001 * |
Accurate weight perception # | ||||
Normal | 1481 (74.1) | 760 (76.3) | 721 (72.0) | 0.072 |
Overweight | 148 (6.4) | 46 (4.3) | 102 (8.3) | 0.012 * |
Obese | 471 (19.6) | 217 (19.4) | 254 (19.7) | 0.898 |
Weight satisfaction, n (weighted %) | ||||
Satisfied | 938 (44.2) | 471 (46.0) | 467 (42.6) | 0.191 |
Dissatisfied | 1358 (55.8) | 634 (54.0) | 724 (57.4) | 0.191 |
Weight satisfaction by weight category, n (weighted %) | ||||
Normal weight | ||||
Satisfied | 727(61.6) | 343(61.6) | 384(61.6) | 0.993 |
Dissatisfied | 474(38.4) | 225(38.4) | 249(38.4) | 0.993 |
Overweight | ||||
Satisfied | 134(33.8) | 80(45.0) | 54(21.9) | <0.001 * |
Dissatisfied | 313(66.2) | 132(55.0) | 181(78.1) | <0.001 * |
Obesity | ||||
Satisfied | 77(14.8) | 48(18.7) | 29(10.6) | 0.079 |
Dissatisfied | 571(85.2) | 277(81.3) | 294(89.4) | 0.079 |
Physical activity (PA) | ||||
Total PA (MET-minutes/week) | 2798.1 ± 85.2 | 3350.7 ± 121.7 | 2239.8 ± 92.1 | <0.001 * |
Met PA recommendation $, n (weighted %) | 1491 (54.9) | 900 (63.8) | 591 (45.9) | <0.001 * |
Sedentary (sitting) in minutes/day | 498.1 ± 5.5 | 489.1 ± 7.1 | 507.1 ± 6.4 | 0.026 * |
Diet quality score (HEI 2015) | ||||
Total diet quality (mean ± SE) | 47.5 ± 0.3 | 46.9 ± 0.4 | 48.1 ± 0.4 | 0.016 * |
Tertile classification of total diet quality score, n (weighted %) | ||||
First tertile (<42.1) | 978 (34.3) | 517 (34.7) | 461 (34.0) | 0.741 |
Second tertile (42.1–51.7) | 978 (32.7) | 518 (34.6) | 460 (30.8) | 0.108 |
Third tertile (>51.7) | 1009 (32.9) | 469 (30.7) | 540 (35.2) | 0.023 * |
Total | Males | Females | Proportion Difference between Females and Males (95% CI) | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Groups, n (weighted %) | n = 2965 | n = 1504 | n = 1461 | n = 2965 | |
Group 1: Healthier behaviors | 515 (18.6) | 282 (19.3) | 233 (18.0) | −1.27 (−4.84, 2.31) | 0.481 |
Group 2: Healthier diet only | 494 (14.3) | 187 (11.4) | 307 (17.2) | 5.75 (2.56, 8.94) | <0.001 * |
Group 3: Physically active only | 976 (36.3) | 618 (44.5) | 358 (27.9) | −16.63 (−20.1, −13.15) | <0.001 * |
Group 4: Unhealthier behaviors | 980 (30.8) | 417 (24.7) | 563 (36.9) | 12.14 (8.48, 15.81) | <0.001 * |
Group 1: Healthier Behaviors | Group 2: Healthier Diet Only | Group 3: Physically Active Only | Group 4: Unhealthier Behaviors | Overall p Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Males (n = 1504) | n = 282 (19.3%) | n = 187 (11.4%) | n = 618 (44.5%) | n = 417 (24.7%) | |
Weight status | |||||
Normal weight | 173 (65.9) | 92 (48.7) a | 386 (62.1) | 254 (59.2) c | 0.017 * |
Overweight | 43 (12.8) | 37 (20.6) | 109 (20.1) | 65 (15.6) | 0.041 * |
Obese | 66 (21.4) | 58 (30.7) | 123 (17.7) | 98 (25.2) | 0.038 * |
Perceived weight status | |||||
Thin | 18 (5.0) | 16 (7.8) | 58 (7.9) | 36 (7.9) | 0.258 |
Normal | 210 (78.1) | 121 (66.4) a | 466 (79.3) | 296 (71.0) | 0.022 * |
Overweight/Obese | 54 (16.9) | 50 (25.8) a | 94 (12.8) b | 85 (21.1) | 0.005 * |
Accurate weight perception | |||||
Normal | 150 (79.3) | 73 (61.7) a | 323 (81.5) b | 214 (71.4) | 0.007 * |
Overweight | 7 (3.2) | 9 (6.9) | 13 (2.5) | 17 (6.9) | 0.048 * |
Obese | 41 (17.5) | 38 (31.5) | 75 (16.0) | 63 (21.7) | 0.045 * |
Weight satisfaction | |||||
Satisfied | 94 (53.0) | 54 (43.8) | 193 (44.7) | 130 (43.9) | 0.468 |
Dissatisfied | 119 (47.0) | 94 (56.2) | 255 (55.3) | 166 (56.1) | 0.468 |
Females (n = 1461) | n = 233 (18.0%) | n = 307 (17.2%) | n = 358 (27.9%) | n = 563 (36.9%) | |
Weight status | |||||
Normal weight | 145 (68.0) | 165 (56.3) | 216 (68.8) | 334 (60.9) | 0.222 |
Overweight | 42 (16.7) | 58 (15.7) | 74 (17.0) | 93 (16.6) | 0.956 |
Obese | 46 (15.3) | 84 (28.1) | 68 (14.2) b | 136 (22.5) | 0.007 * |
Perceived weight status | |||||
Thin | 9 (3.4) | 16 (4.7) | 15 (2.8) | 28 (3.8) | 0.538 |
Normal | 168 (73.7) | 181 (59.2) | 250 (75.4) b | 363 (68.1) | 0.023 * |
Overweight/Obese | 56 (23.0) | 110 (36.1) | 93 (21.8) b | 172 (28.1) | 0.049 * |
Accurate weight perception | |||||
Normal | 132 (76.4) | 132 (60.6) | 182 (78.7) b | 275 (69.7) | 0.036 * |
Overweight | 15 (8.2) | 30 (11.1) | 25 (7.8) | 32 (7.4) | 0.863 |
Obese | 35 (15.5) | 63 (28.3) | 49 (13.5) | 107 (22.9) | 0.011 * |
Weight satisfaction | |||||
Satisfied | 88 (52.0) | 80 (29.1) a | 110 (43.5) | 189 (43.8) c | 0.009 * |
Dissatisfied | 103 (48.0) | 175 (70.9) a | 178 (56.5) | 268 (56.2) c | 0.009 * |
Group 2: Healthier Diet Only vs. Group 1: Healthier Behaviors | Group 3: Physically Active Only vs. Group 1: Healthier Behaviors | Group 4: Unhealthier Behaviors vs. Group 1: Healthier Behaviors | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Males (n = 1504) | Adjusted ORs (95% CI) | p Value | Adjusted ORs (95% CI) | p Value | Adjusted ORs (95% CI) | p Value |
Weight status | ||||||
Normal weight | 1.0 (REF) | 1.0 (REF) | 1.0 (REF) | |||
Overweight | 2.33 (1.15, 4.68) | 0.016* | 1.73 (1.00, 3.00) | 0.046 * | 1.21 (0.67, 2.19) | 0.528 |
Obese | 1.90 (1.02, 3.52) | 0.038* | 0.85 (0.50, 1.44) | 0.537 | 1.14 (0.69, 1.86) | 0.605 |
Perceived weight status | ||||||
Normal | 1.0 (REF) | 1.0 (REF) | 1.0 (REF) | |||
Thin | 0.89 (0.34, 2.32) | 0.805 | 1.43 (0.71, 2.88) | 0.308 | 1.45 (0.71, 2.95) | 0.301 |
Overweight/Obese | 2.09 (1.09, 3.99) | 0.024* | 0.82 (0.49, 1.38) | 0.444 | 1.37 (0.87, 2.16) | 0.164 |
Accurate weight perception | ||||||
Normal | 1.0 (REF) | 1.0 (REF) | 1.0 (REF) | |||
Overweight | 3.87 (1.01, 15.69) | 0.047 * | 1.09 (0.33, 3.63) | 0.886 | 3.15 (1.00, 10.04) | 0.048 * |
Obese | 2.33 (1.12, 4.88) | 0.022 * | 0.90 (0.48, 1.68) | 0.74 | 1.18 (0.66, 2.10) | 0.571 |
Weight satisfaction | ||||||
Dissatisfied | 1.0 (REF) | 1.0 (REF) | 1.0 (REF) | |||
Satisfied | 0.69 (0.40, 1.19) | 0.174 | 0.73 (0.46, 1.15) | 0.165 | 0.75 (0.45, 1.24) | 0.256 |
Females (n = 1461) | ||||||
Weight status | ||||||
Normal weight | 1.0 (REF) | 1.0 (REF) | 1.0 (REF) | |||
Overweight | 1.05 (0.51, 2.17) | 0.885 | 1.02 (0.51, 2.05) | 0.953 | 1.06 (0.56, 2.00) | 0.856 |
Obese | 1.97 (0.96, 4.04) | 0.058 | 0.92 (0.51, 1.66) | 0.779 | 1.52 (0.85, 2.73) | 0.153 |
Perceived weight status | ||||||
Normal | 1.0 (REF) | 1.0 (REF) | 1.0 (REF) | |||
Thin | 1.47 (0.37, 5.80) | 0.576 | 0.54 (0.13, 2.19) | 0.383 | 1.04 (0.27, 3.98) | 0.949 |
Overweight/Obese | 1.53 (0.83, 2.84) | 0.167 | 0.84 (0.51, 1.38) | 0.472 | 1.25 (0.75, 2.10) | 0.378 |
Accurate weight perception | ||||||
Normal | 1.0 (REF) | 1.0 (REF) | 1.0 (REF) | |||
Overweight | 1.41 (0.48, 4.20) | 0.525 | 0.86 (0.39, 1.87) | 0.69 | 0.94 (0.37, 2.36) | 0.889 |
Obese | 1.80 (0.87, 3.72) | 0.105 | 0.79 (0.41, 1.53) | 0.477 | 1.42 (0.74, 2.70) | 0.28 |
Weight satisfaction | ||||||
Dissatisfied | 1.0 (REF) | 1.0 (REF) | 1.0 (REF) | |||
Satisfied | 0.41 (0.23, 0.75) | 0.003 * | 0.74 (0.43, 1.27) | 0.269 | 0.74 (0.41, 1.34) | 0.307 |
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Xu, F.; Cohen, S.A.; Greaney, M.L.; Greene, G.W. The Association between US Adolescents’ Weight Status, Weight Perception, Weight Satisfaction, and Their Physical Activity and Dietary Behaviors. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 1931. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15091931
Xu F, Cohen SA, Greaney ML, Greene GW. The Association between US Adolescents’ Weight Status, Weight Perception, Weight Satisfaction, and Their Physical Activity and Dietary Behaviors. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(9):1931. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15091931
Chicago/Turabian StyleXu, Furong, Steven A. Cohen, Mary L. Greaney, and Geoffrey W. Greene. 2018. "The Association between US Adolescents’ Weight Status, Weight Perception, Weight Satisfaction, and Their Physical Activity and Dietary Behaviors" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 9: 1931. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15091931