Which School Community Agents Influence Adolescents’ Motivational Outcomes and Physical Activity? Are More Autonomy-Supportive Relationships Necessarily Better?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
The Present Study
2. Method
2.1. Design, Participants and Procedure
2.2. Instruments
2.2.1. Perceived Autonomy Support for LTPA
2.2.2. Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction in LTPA
2.2.3. Autonomous Motivation for LTPA
2.2.4. Intention to Be Physically Active.
2.2.5. MVPA Levels
2.2.6. Demographic Variables
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Research Question 1
3.2. Research Question 2
3.2.1. Hypothesis 2a: Variable-Centered Approach
3.2.2. Hypothesis 2b: Person-Centered Approach
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Study Variables | M | SD | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. PAS from PE teachers | 4.46 | 1.25 | — | |||||||||
2. PAS from teachers | 3.57 | 1.28 | 0.29 ** | — | ||||||||
3. PAS from father | 5.34 | 1.53 | 0.31 ** | 0.10 | — | |||||||
4. PAS from mother | 5.43 | 1.27 | 0.32 ** | 0.03 | 0.36 ** | — | ||||||
5. PAS from peers | 3.89 | 1.66 | 0.29 ** | 0.12 | 0.17 * | 0.13 | — | |||||
6. PAS from tutors | 2.65 | 1.25 | 0.15 * | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.15 * | 0.18 * | — | ||||
7. BPN satisfaction in LTPA | 3.67 | 0.67 | 0.42 ** | 0.20 ** | 0.36 ** | 0.32 ** | 0.41 ** | 0.09 | — | |||
8. Autonomous motivation for LTPA | 2.42 | 0.67 | 0.36 ** | 0.18 ** | 0.37 ** | 0.37 ** | 0.33 ** | 0.08 | 0.56 ** | — | ||
9. Intention to be physically active | 5.17 | 1.49 | 0.38 ** | 0.17 * | 0.40 ** | 0.40 ** | 0.40 ** | 0.16 * | 0.52 ** | 0.54 ** | — | |
10. Objective PA levels | 45.45 | 15.60 | 0.35 ** | 0.10 | 0.34 ** | 0.28 ** | 0.37 ** | 0.10 | 0.28 ** | 0.34 ** | 0.46 ** | — |
Outcome Variable Step (df) | F | R2 | ∆R2 | Standarized Regression Coefficients | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1-way | 2-way | 3-way | 4-way | ||||||||||||||||
PE | FA | M | P | T | PExFA | PExM | PExP | FAxM | FAxP | MxP | PExFAxM | PExFAxP | PExMxP | FAxMxP | PExFAxMxP | ||||
BPN satisfaction in LTPA | |||||||||||||||||||
Step 1 (5177) | 17.619 * | 0.34 | 0.22 * | 0.19 † | 0.14 † | 0.29 * | 0.08 | ||||||||||||
Step 2 (11,177) | 10.052 * | 0.40 | 0.06 | 0.20 * | 0.18 * | 0.10 | 0.31 * | 0.08 | −0.21 | 0.07 | −0.01 | −0.11 | 0.06 | −0.00 | |||||
Step 3 (15,177) | 8.063 * | 0.43 | 0.03 | 0.15 † | 0.13 | 0.12 | 0.32 * | 0.06 | −0.24 * | 0.09 | −0.04 | −0.04 | 0.08 | −0.00 | 0.08 | 0.17 * | 0.04 | −0.17 | |
Step 4 (16,177) | 7.649 * | 0.43 | 0.00 | 0.15 † | 0.15 | 0.10 | 0.32 * | 0.06 | −0.24 * | 0.06 | −0.04 | −0.03 | 0.04 | −0.03 | 0.06 | 0.19 † | 0.00 | −0.12 | 0.11 |
Autonomous motivation for LTPA | |||||||||||||||||||
Step 1 (5177) | 14.812 * | 0.30 | 0.14 † | 0.20 * | 0.23 * | 0.22 * | 0.08 | ||||||||||||
Step 2 (11,177) | 8.487 * | 0.36 | 0.06 | 0.13 | 0.20 * | 0.18 † | 0.23 * | 0.07 | −0.07 | −0.04 | −0.02 | −0.12 | 0.17 † | −0.08 | |||||
Step 3 (15,177) | 6.731 * | 0.38 | 0.02 | 0.10 | 0.17 † | 0.22 † | 0.21 * | 0.05 | −0.07 | −0.06 | −0.03 | −0.09 | 0.15 † | −0.04 | −0.02 | 0.20 † | 0.00 | −0.09 | |
Step 4 (16,177) | 6.688 * | 0.40 | 0.02 | 0.10 | 0.20 † | 0.18 † | 0.21 * | 0.06 | −0.08 | −0.10 | −0.03 | −0.08 | 0.08 | −0.08 | −0.05 | 0.22 † | −0.05 | 0.01 | 0.20 * |
Intention to be physically active | |||||||||||||||||||
Step 1 (5177) | 19.713 * | 0.36 | 0.14 † | 0.22 * | 0.24 * | 0.29 * | 0.06 | ||||||||||||
Step 2 (11,177) | 10.305 * | 0.41 | 0.05 | 0.16 † | 0.20 * | 0.21 * | 0.28 * | 0.04 | −0.20 * | −0.06 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.11 | −0.07 | |||||
Step 3 (15,177) | 7.813 * | 0.42 | 0.02 | 0.16 † | 0.26 * | 0.26 * | 0.28 * | 0.04 | −0.20 * | −0.03 | 0.00 | −0.07 | 0.09 | −0.00 | −0.21 | 0.00 | 0.06 | −0.09 | |
Step 4 (16,177) | 7.282 * | 0.42 | 0.00 | 0.16 † | 0.26 * | 0.26 * | 0.28 * | 0.04 | −0.20 * | −0.04 | 0.00 | −0.07 | 0.08 | −0.00 | −0.21 | 0.00 | 0.05 | −0.08 | 0.01 |
Objective PA levels | |||||||||||||||||||
Step 1 (5177) | 12.498 * | 0.27 | 0.17 † | 0.20 * | 0.12 | 0.27 * | −0.00 | ||||||||||||
Step 2 (11,177) | 5.846 * | 0.28 | 0.01 | 0.16 | 0.21 * | 0.11 | 0.29 * | −0.00 | −0.08 | 0.08 | −0.05 | −0.05 | 0.00 | −0.04 | |||||
Step 3 (15,177) | 4.288 * | 0.29 | 0.01 | 0.16 | 0.21 † | 0.16 | 0.31 * | −0.00 | −0.09 | 0.10 | −0.05 | −0.07 | −0.00 | −0.03 | −0.05 | 0.01 | −0.04 | −0.05 | |
Step 4 (16,177) | 4.087 * | 0.29 | 0.00 | 0.16 | 0.23 * | 0.13 | 0.31 * | 0.00 | −0.10 | 0.08 | −0.05 | −0.06 | −0.05 | −0.06 | −0.07 | 0.02 | −0.07 | 0.00 | 0.11 |
Slope Difference | BPN Satisfaction in PA | Autonomous Motivation for PA | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
t * | p * | t * | p * | |
1 and 2 | 0.268 | 0.789 | 0.182 | 0.856 |
1 and 3 | −0.638 | 0.524 | −0.090 | 0.928 |
1 and 4 | −0.520 | 0.604 | −0.355 | 0.723 |
2 and 3 | −1.732 | 0.085 | −0.502 | 0.616 |
2 and 4 | −2.075 | 0.040 | −1.420 | 0.158 |
3 and 4 | −0.366 | 0.715 | −0.580 | 0.562 |
Variables | Cluster 1: High-PAS from All Sources | Cluster 2: Low-PAS from All Sources | Cluster 3: Moderate-PAS from Peers | Cluster 4: Moderate-PAS from PE Teacher and Mother | Cluster 5: Moderate-PAS from PE Teacher, Father, and Mother | F-Value | (η2p) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PAS from PE teacher | |||||||
Raw scores | 5.57 (0.12) a | 3.07 (0.15) b | 3.34 (0.14) b | 4.97 (0.21) ac | 5.04 (0.13) c | 62.187 *** | 0.59 |
Z-scores | 0.82 (0.09) a | −1.02 (0.11) b | −0.82 (0.10) b | 0.38 (0.16) ac | 0.43 (0.10) c | ||
PAS from father | |||||||
Raw scores | 6.32 (0.12) a | 4.22 (0.15) b | 5.25 (0.14) d | 2.20 (0.21) c | 6.31 (0.13) a | 96.262 *** | 0.69 |
Z-scores | 0.64 (0.07) a | −0.70 (0.09) b | −0.04 (0.09) d | −2.00 (0.13) c | 0.64 (0.08) a | ||
PAS from mother | |||||||
Raw scores | 5.88 (0.14) a | 3.87 (0.17) b | 5.22 (0.16) c | 5.84 (0.24) a | 6.16 (0.15) a | 52.519 *** | 0.50 |
Z-scores | 0.34 (0.11) a | −1.22 (0.13) b | −0.17 (0.12) c | 0.32 (0.19) a | 0.57 (0.12) a | ||
PAS from peers | |||||||
Raw scores | 5.54 (0.15) a | 2.30 (0.18) b | 4.47 (0.17) c | 3.89 (0.26) c | 2.69 (0.16) b | 64.571 *** | 0.59 |
Z-scores | 0.97 (0.09) a | −0.96 (0.11) b | 0.33 (0.10) c | −0.01 (0.15) c | −0.73 (0.09) b | ||
BPN satisfaction in LTPA | 4.17 (0.08) a | 3.07 (0.10) b | 3.60 (0.09) c | 3.67 (0.14) c | 3.63 (0.08) c | 18.332 *** | 0.29 |
Autonomous motivation for LTPA | 2.90 (0.07) a | 1.76 (0.09) b | 2.29 (0.09) c | 2.34 (0.13) c | 2.49 (0.08) c | 22.116 *** | 0.33 |
Intention to be physically active | 6.22 (0.17) a | 3.78 (0.21) b | 4.91 (0.20) c | 4.93 (0.31) c | 5.35 (0.19) c | 19.410 *** | 0.31 |
PA levels | 53.79 (1.97) a | 32.05 (2.42) b | 44.40 (2.29) c | 42.43 (3.48) bc | 47.78 (2.15) ac | 12.100 *** | 0.21 |
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Sevil, J.; García-González, L.; Abós, Á.; Generelo Lanaspa, E.; Aibar Solana, A. Which School Community Agents Influence Adolescents’ Motivational Outcomes and Physical Activity? Are More Autonomy-Supportive Relationships Necessarily Better? Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 1875. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15091875
Sevil J, García-González L, Abós Á, Generelo Lanaspa E, Aibar Solana A. Which School Community Agents Influence Adolescents’ Motivational Outcomes and Physical Activity? Are More Autonomy-Supportive Relationships Necessarily Better? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(9):1875. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15091875
Chicago/Turabian StyleSevil, Javier, Luis García-González, Ángel Abós, Eduardo Generelo Lanaspa, and Alberto Aibar Solana. 2018. "Which School Community Agents Influence Adolescents’ Motivational Outcomes and Physical Activity? Are More Autonomy-Supportive Relationships Necessarily Better?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 9: 1875. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15091875
APA StyleSevil, J., García-González, L., Abós, Á., Generelo Lanaspa, E., & Aibar Solana, A. (2018). Which School Community Agents Influence Adolescents’ Motivational Outcomes and Physical Activity? Are More Autonomy-Supportive Relationships Necessarily Better? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(9), 1875. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15091875