Impact of Referral Sources and Waiting Times on the Failure to Quit Smoking: One-Year Follow-Up of an Italian Cohort Admitted to a Smoking Cessation Service
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Research Setting
2.2. Treatment Regimen
2.3. Participants
2.4. Collected Variables
2.5. Outcomes
2.6. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
SC | smoking cessation |
GP | general practitioner |
CO | carbon monoxide |
FTND | Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence |
RR | relative risk |
CI | confidence Interval |
HR | hazard ratio |
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Characteristics | N | % | Treatment Failure Rate at 12-Month (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Participants’ characteristics | |||
Sex | |||
Female | 160 | 55.6 | 61.3 |
Male | 128 | 44.4 | 57.0 |
Age | |||
<35 years | 20 | 6.9 | 70.0 |
35–50 years | 90 | 31.3 | 56.7 |
>50 years | 178 | 61.8 | 59.6 |
Mood and anxiety disorders | |||
Yes | 60 | 20.8 | 68.3 |
No | 228 | 79.2 | 57.0 |
Years as smoker | |||
≤20 years | 28 | 9.7 | 78.6 |
>20 years | 260 | 90.3 | 57.3 |
Age started regular smoking | |||
≤15 years | 108 | 37.5 | 63.0 |
>15 years | 180 | 62.5 | 57.2 |
Type of smoker over the past 12 months | |||
Heavy (≥1 pack per day) | 174 | 60.4 | 59.8 |
Light (<1 pack per day) | 114 | 39.6 | 58.8 |
Nicotine dependance | |||
High-very high (FTND ≥ 6) | 67 | 23.3 | 65.7 |
Low-medium (FTND < 6) | 221 | 76.7 | 57.5 |
Service-related characteristics | |||
Referral source | |||
Self-referral | 122 | 42.4 | 57.4 |
GP/Pharmacyst | 94 | 32.6 | 60.0 |
Hospital | 50 | 17.4 | 57.5 |
Other | 22 | 7.6 | 77.3 |
Waiting times before starting SC-program | |||
≥60 days | 208 | 72.2 | 63.5 |
<60 days | 80 | 27.8 | 48.7 |
Total | 288 | 100 | 59.4 |
Service-Related Characteristics | Model 1 * | Model 2 # | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | |
Referral source | ||||
Self-referral | Reference | Reference | ||
General practitioner/pharmacist | 1.02 | 0.71–1.46 | 1.04 | 0.73–1.50 |
Hospital | 1.25 | 0.81–1.93 | 1.25 | 0.81–1.95 |
Other sources | 1.51 | 0.88–2.57 | 1.47 | 0.85–2.52 |
Waiting times before starting SC-programs | ||||
<60 days | Reference | Reference | ||
≥60 days | 1.51 | 1.05–2.17 | 1.59 | 1.10–2.29 |
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Borsari, L.; Storani, S.; Malagoli, C.; Filippini, T.; Tamelli, M.; Malavolti, M.; Nicolini, F.; Vinceti, M. Impact of Referral Sources and Waiting Times on the Failure to Quit Smoking: One-Year Follow-Up of an Italian Cohort Admitted to a Smoking Cessation Service. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 1234. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061234
Borsari L, Storani S, Malagoli C, Filippini T, Tamelli M, Malavolti M, Nicolini F, Vinceti M. Impact of Referral Sources and Waiting Times on the Failure to Quit Smoking: One-Year Follow-Up of an Italian Cohort Admitted to a Smoking Cessation Service. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(6):1234. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061234
Chicago/Turabian StyleBorsari, Lucia, Simone Storani, Carlotta Malagoli, Tommaso Filippini, Marco Tamelli, Marcella Malavolti, Fausto Nicolini, and Marco Vinceti. 2018. "Impact of Referral Sources and Waiting Times on the Failure to Quit Smoking: One-Year Follow-Up of an Italian Cohort Admitted to a Smoking Cessation Service" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 6: 1234. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061234