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Article

Pregnancy Trimester-Specific Exposure to Ambient Air Pollution and Child Respiratory Health Outcomes in the First 2 Years of Life: Effect Modification by Maternal Pre-Pregnancy BMI

by
Shu-E Soh
1,2,*,
Anne Goh
3,
Oon Hoe Teoh
3,
Keith M. Godfrey
4,
Peter D. Gluckman
1,5,
Lynette Pei-Chi Shek
1,2 and
Yap-Seng Chong
1,6
1
Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 117549, Singapore
2
Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
3
Department of Paediatrics, KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Singapore 229899, Singapore
4
MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit and NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
5
Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
6
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119074, Singapore
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(5), 996; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15050996
Submission received: 18 April 2018 / Revised: 11 May 2018 / Accepted: 12 May 2018 / Published: 15 May 2018
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Maternal and Child Health 2018)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Prenatal exposure to air pollution is associated with childhood respiratory health; however, no previous studies have examined maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) as a potential effect modifier. We investigated whether maternal pre-pregnancy BMI modified the association of trimester-specific air pollution divided into quartiles of exposure (Q1–4) on respiratory health in the Growing Up in Singapore towards healthy Outcomes (GUSTO) study (n = 953) in 2-year-old children. For episodes of wheezing, children of overweight/obese mothers and who were exposed to particulate matter less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) in the first trimester had an adjusted incidence rate ratio (IRR) (95% confidence interval (CI)) of 1.85 (1.23–2.78), 1.76 (1.08–2.85) and 1.90 (1.10–3.27) in quartile (Q) 2–4, with reference to Q1. This association is seen in the second trimester for bronchiolitis/bronchitis. The risk of ear infection in the first year of life was associated with exposure to PM2.5 in the first trimester with adjusted Odds Ratio (adjOR) (95% CI) = 7.64 (1.18–49.37), 11.37 (1.47–87.97) and 8.26 (1.13–60.29) for Q2–4, and similarly in the second year with adjOR (95% CI) = 3.28 (1.00–10.73) and 4.15 (1.05–16.36) for Q2–3. Prenatal exposure to air pollution has an enhanced impact on childhood respiratory health, and differs according to maternal pre-pregnancy BMI.
Keywords: pregnancy; trimester; respiratory; air pollution; pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) pregnancy; trimester; respiratory; air pollution; pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI)

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MDPI and ACS Style

Soh, S.-E.; Goh, A.; Teoh, O.H.; Godfrey, K.M.; Gluckman, P.D.; Shek, L.P.-C.; Chong, Y.-S. Pregnancy Trimester-Specific Exposure to Ambient Air Pollution and Child Respiratory Health Outcomes in the First 2 Years of Life: Effect Modification by Maternal Pre-Pregnancy BMI. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 996. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15050996

AMA Style

Soh S-E, Goh A, Teoh OH, Godfrey KM, Gluckman PD, Shek LP-C, Chong Y-S. Pregnancy Trimester-Specific Exposure to Ambient Air Pollution and Child Respiratory Health Outcomes in the First 2 Years of Life: Effect Modification by Maternal Pre-Pregnancy BMI. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(5):996. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15050996

Chicago/Turabian Style

Soh, Shu-E, Anne Goh, Oon Hoe Teoh, Keith M. Godfrey, Peter D. Gluckman, Lynette Pei-Chi Shek, and Yap-Seng Chong. 2018. "Pregnancy Trimester-Specific Exposure to Ambient Air Pollution and Child Respiratory Health Outcomes in the First 2 Years of Life: Effect Modification by Maternal Pre-Pregnancy BMI" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 5: 996. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15050996

APA Style

Soh, S.-E., Goh, A., Teoh, O. H., Godfrey, K. M., Gluckman, P. D., Shek, L. P.-C., & Chong, Y.-S. (2018). Pregnancy Trimester-Specific Exposure to Ambient Air Pollution and Child Respiratory Health Outcomes in the First 2 Years of Life: Effect Modification by Maternal Pre-Pregnancy BMI. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(5), 996. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15050996

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