The Inverse Response Law: Theory and Relevance to the Aftermath of Disasters
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Inverse Care Law
The Inverse Care Law Following Disasters
3. The Inverse Response Law
3.1. Revisiting Heatwave
3.2. Institutional Barriers Disproportionately Impacted the Poor
3.3. The Inverse Care Law: Inequities in the Geographical Distribution of Services
3.4. Disadvantaged Communities had Greater Exposure to Disaster Risk
3.5. The Impact of Policy
4. The Inverse Response Law and the Social Construction of Disaster Vulnerability
4.1. Grenfell Tower, London, 2017
Let me be absolutely clear: the support on the ground for families in the initial hours was not good enough… That was a failure of the State, local and national, to help people when they needed it most…[34]
4.2. Kaikōura Earthquake, New Zealand, 2016
4.3. Puerto Rico—Hurricane María, 2017
“dramatically changes the ways in which political power is exercised in the island, diminishing in important ways the rule making faculties of the executive and legislative branches of government.”
“Puerto Rico survived the Hurricanes, now a financial crisis looms largely of their own making. […] A total lack of […] accountability say[s] [sic.] the Governor. Electric and all infrastructure was disaster before hurricanes. Congress to decide how much to spend. […] We cannot keep FEMA, the Military & the First Responders, who have been amazing [under the most difficult circumstances] in P.R. forever!”.[102]
“$4.9 billion to increase Medicaid caps for Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands for the next two fiscal years. Also, 100% of Federal Medical Assistance Percentage will be applied to new funds. $9 billion for housing and urban development projects in Puerto Rico. $2 billion to repair Puerto Rico’s electrical grid. $1.4 billion for the Federal Highway Administration’s Emergency Relief Program is being made available for Puerto Rico and other impacted areas. Puerto Rico is also provided 100% federal cost share for damages resulting from Hurricanes Irma, and Maria for the next two fiscal years. $519 million to repair Army National Guard sites in Puerto Rico and U.S. Virgin Islands. $31 million for rehabilitation and repair Department of Labor Job Corps Centers in Puerto Rico”.[111]
4.4. Mexico City, 2017
5. Discussion—Synergies across Examples and Relevance to Theory
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Phibbs, S.; Kenney, C.; Rivera-Munoz, G.; Huggins, T.J.; Severinsen, C.; Curtis, B. The Inverse Response Law: Theory and Relevance to the Aftermath of Disasters. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 916. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15050916
Phibbs S, Kenney C, Rivera-Munoz G, Huggins TJ, Severinsen C, Curtis B. The Inverse Response Law: Theory and Relevance to the Aftermath of Disasters. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(5):916. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15050916
Chicago/Turabian StylePhibbs, Suzanne, Christine Kenney, Graciela Rivera-Munoz, Thomas J. Huggins, Christina Severinsen, and Bruce Curtis. 2018. "The Inverse Response Law: Theory and Relevance to the Aftermath of Disasters" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 5: 916. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15050916