Prevalence of General and Central Obesity and Associated Factors among North Korean Refugees in South Korea by Duration after Defection from North Korea: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. The Mean BMI and Obesity Prevalence among NKRs by Duration after Defection from North Korea
3.2. The Mean WC and Central Obesity Prevalence among NKRs by Duration after Defection from North Korea
3.3. Factors Associated with Obesity among NKRs
3.4. Factors Associated with Central Obesity among NKRs
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Male | Female | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Number | 189 (20.6) | 728 (79.4) | |
Age (years) | 46.1 ± 12.9 | 43.3 ± 12.5 | 0.049 |
20–39 | 63 (33.3) | 327 (44.9) | |
40–59 | 92 (48.7) | 306 (42.0) | |
≥60 | 34 (18.0) | 94 (12.9) | |
Height (cm) | 166.0 ± 6.6 | 154.1 ± 5.0 | |
Body weight (kg) | 63.3 ± 8.8 | 53.9 ± 7.4 | |
Waist circumference (cm) | 81.1 ± 7.8 | 78.2 ± 8.8 | |
Prevalence of central obesity * | 24 (13.3) | 151 (21.4) | 0.014 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.0 ± 2.6 | 22.7 ± 2.9 | 0.299 |
Weight status † | |||
Underweight | 6 (3.3) | 26 (3.6) | |
Normal weight | 86 (47.5) | 395 (54.9) | |
Overweight | 48 (26.5) | 155 (21.5) | |
Obesity | 41 (22.6) | 142 (19.7) | |
Duration after defection from NK (years) | 5.5 ± 4.7 | 7.6 ± 4.8 | <0.001 |
<5 | 113 (61.1) | 235 (33.8) | |
5–10 | 32 (17.3) | 221 (31.8) | |
≥10 | 41 (21.7) | 142 (19.3) | |
Duration of stay in transit countries (years) | 2.0 ± 2.8 | 4.2 ± 3.9 | <0.001 |
Health-related lifestyle factors | |||
Current smoker | 91 (48.0) | 9 (1.1) | <0.001 |
Frequent alcohol consumption ‡ | 134 (70.8) | 444 (61.0) | <0.001 |
Regular exercise § | 110 (58.2) | 355 (48.8) | 0.019 |
Socioeconomic status | |||
Higher education | 50 (26.4) | 133 (18.2) | 0.28 |
Monthly income > 106 (KRW) | 54 (44.2) | 194 (39.9) | 0.056 |
Living alone | 62 (39.2) | 266 (41.4) | 0.076 |
Variables | Male | Female |
---|---|---|
Mean BMI (kg/m2) | ||
Defection period (years) | ||
<5 | 22.6 (22.1–23.1) | 22.7 (22.3–23.1) |
5–10 | 23.0 (22.1–23.8) | 22.6 (22.3–23.0) |
≥10 | 24.1 (23.1–25.0) | 23.0 (22.6–23.4) |
p for trend | 0.012 | 0.386 |
South Koreans † | 25.2 (24.2–26.1) | 23.4 (23.0–23.9) |
Prevalence of obesity (%) * | ||
Defection period (years) | ||
<5 | 19 (12–27) | 19 (14–24) |
5–10 | 23 (7–38) | 17 (12–22) |
≥10 | 34 (18–50) | 23 (18–29) |
p for trend | 0.180 | 0.202 |
South Koreans † | 39 (34–44) | 27 (24–29) |
Variables | Male | Female |
---|---|---|
Mean WC (cm) | ||
Defection period (years) | ||
<5 | 80.1 (78.6–81.6) | 78.1 (77.0–79.3) |
5–10 | 81.0 (78.4–83.7) | 77.9 (76.7–78.1) |
≥10 | 84.0 (81.2–86.7) | 78.5 (77.4–79.7) |
p for trend | 0.032 | 0.717 |
South Koreans † | 84.8 (83.7–85.9) | 77.3 (76.7–78.0) |
Prevalence of central obesity (%) * | ||
Defection period (years) | ||
<5 | 13 (6–19) | 22 (17–28) |
5–10 | 6 (0–15) | 20 (15–25) |
≥10 | 21 (7–34) | 22 (17–28) |
p for trend | 0.206 | 0.801 |
South Koreans † | 24 (20–29) | 20 (18–22) |
Variables | Model 1 (n = 898) | Model 2 (n = 863) | Model 3 (n = 863) | Model 4 (n = 765) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Male vs. Female | 1.01 (0.67–1.52) | 1.11 (0.72–1.69) | 1.43 (0.86–2.39) | 1.87 (1.07–3.26) |
Age (years) | ||||
40–59 vs. 20–39 | 4.52 (2.93–6.98) | 4.92 (3.14–7.70) | 4.77 (3.04–7.49) | 5.23 (3.21–8.53) |
≥60 vs. 20–39 | 6.27 (3.71–10.60) | 6.47 (3.77–11.12) | 6.01 (3.48–10.4) | 6.16 (3.39–11.17) |
Defection period (years) | ||||
5–10 vs. <5 | 1.05 (0.67–1.64) | 1.05 (0.67–1.65) | 1.13 (0.70–1.83) | |
≥10 vs. <5 | 1.56 (1.04–2.35) | 1.52 (1.00–2.29) | 1.68 (1.08–2.62) | |
Current smoker | 0.50 (0.24–1.05) | 0.42 (0.19–0.92) | ||
Frequent alcohol consumption * | 1.09 (0.76–1.56) | 1.15 (0.78–1.68) | ||
Regular exercise † | 1.28 (0.90–1.82) | 1.32 (0.90–1.92) | ||
Low income ‡ | 1.22 (0.77–1.94) | |||
Low education § | 1.38 (0.86–2.21) | |||
Living alone | 1.04 (0.70–1.55) |
Variables | Model 1 (n = 884) | Model 2 (n = 849) | Model 3 (n = 849) | Model 4 (n = 753) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Male vs. Female | 2.50 (1.52–4.11) | 2.45 (1.47–4.08) | 1.92 (1.06–3.51) | 1.51 (0.79–2.89) |
Age (years) | ||||
40–59 vs. 20–39 | 5.42 (3.31–8.87) | 5.58 (3.37–9.24) | 5.55 (3.34–9.22) | 5.37 (3.16–9.12) |
≥60 vs. 20–39 | 17.79 (10.06–31.45) | 18.08 (10.10–32.36) | 17.58 (9.76–31.67) | 14.90 (7.92–28.02) |
Defection period (years) | ||||
5–10 vs. <5 | 0.93 (0.58–1.47) | 0.93 (0.59–1.49) | 1.04 (0.63–1.70) | |
≥10 vs. <5 | 1.15 (0.74–1.77) | 1.12 (0.72–1.73) | 1.19 (0.74–1.92) | |
Current smoker | 0.52 (0.21–1.29) | 0.40 (0.15–1.05) | ||
Frequent alcohol consumption * | 1.07 (0.73–1.56) | 1.10 (0.74–1.64) | ||
Regular exercise † | 1.05 (0.72–1.53) | 1.06 (0.72–1.57) | ||
Low income ‡ | 1.05 (0.60–1.84) | |||
Low education § | 1.35 (0.82–2.21) | |||
Living alone | 1.03 (0.68–1.56) |
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Kim, Y.J.; Kim, S.G.; Lee, Y.H. Prevalence of General and Central Obesity and Associated Factors among North Korean Refugees in South Korea by Duration after Defection from North Korea: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 811. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040811
Kim YJ, Kim SG, Lee YH. Prevalence of General and Central Obesity and Associated Factors among North Korean Refugees in South Korea by Duration after Defection from North Korea: A Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(4):811. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040811
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Yoon Jung, Sin Gon Kim, and Yo Han Lee. 2018. "Prevalence of General and Central Obesity and Associated Factors among North Korean Refugees in South Korea by Duration after Defection from North Korea: A Cross-Sectional Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 4: 811. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040811