Trace Elements in Marine Sediment and Organisms in the Gulf of Thailand
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Trace Elements in Marine Sediment in the Gulf of Thailand
3. Trace Elements in Marine Organisms in the Gulf of Thailand
4. Trace Elements: Sources and Potential Human Health Risk
5. Discussion and Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Study Period | Study Area | Concentration Reported (µg/g Dry Weight) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
1984 | Upper Gulf of Thailand | Cd (0.002); Co. (0.0098); Pb (0.0065) a | [20] |
1998–2001 | Chao Phraya Estuary | As (0.012); Cd (0.0002); Hg (0.0018) a | [26] |
1999 | Upper Gulf of Thailand | [21] | |
- Pre-monsoon | Al (4.38); Cd (0.42); Cr (85.0); Cu (19.7); Fe (2.13); Pb (16.2); Zn (61.1) a | ||
- Post-monsoon | Al (5.34); Cd (0.35); Cr (62.7); Cu (25.7); Fe (1.22); Mn (368); Pb (29.9); Zn (51.6) a | ||
- | Northwestern Gulf of Thailand | Cr (27.21–1104.60); Cu (7.53–363.64); Mn (0.33–12.27); Ni (10.09–885.24); Zn (25.98–1454.78) b | [27] |
2003 | Coastal area of the Gulf of Thailand | Cu (1500–4000) b | [22] |
2004 | Eastern Coast of the Gulf of Thailand | Cd (<0.006–0.19); Cu (14.4–103); Hg (0.005–0.121); Mn (30–1,710); Ni (<0.64–79.9); Zn (7.48–131) b | [5] |
2006 | Pattani Bay | [38] | |
- Mangrove + Topsoil | As (2.18); Cd (0.63); Hg (0.0073); Pb (41.70); Zn (19.54) a | ||
+ Subsoil | As (2.03); Cd (0.42); Pb (7.74); Zn (19.02) a | ||
- Pattani river mouth + Topsoil | As (0.33); Cd (0.15); Hg (0.0066); Pb (557.15); Zn (40.89)a | ||
+ Subsoil | As (4.75); Cd (0.21); Pb (11.04); Zn (11.42) a | ||
- Pattani river + Topsoil | As (2.25); Cd (0.09); Hg (0.0041); Pb (9.20); Zn (8.07) a | ||
+ Subsoil | As (2.23); Cd (0.22); Pb (7.63); Zn (12.27) a | ||
- Industrial zone + Topsoil | As (0.89); Cd (0.31); Hg (0.1570); Pb (69.49); Zn (11.93) a | ||
+ Subsoil | As (3.48); Cd (0.20); Pb (5.01); Zn (16.03) a | ||
- Dockyard A + Topsoil | As (4.76); Cd (0.42); Hg (0.0142); Pb (358.77); Zn (9.01) a | ||
+ Subsoil | As (3.18); Cd (0.81); Pb (19.36); Zn (9.01) a | ||
- Dockyard B + Topsoil | As (2.19); Cd (0.27); Hg (0.0056); Pb (50.15); Zn (29.94) a | ||
+ Subsoil | As (2.03); Cd (0.38); Pb (4.27); Zn (14.42) a | ||
2007 | Upper Gulf of Thailand | Cd (2.05); Cu (16.21); Pb (28.19); Zn (64.07) a | [30] |
2009 | Bang Ya Praeg, Tha Chin Estuary, Samut Sakhon Province | Cd (0.035–0.070); Cu (7.90–21.91); Pb (11.91–25.74); Zn (55.99–75.05) a | [35] |
2011–2012 | Western Gulf of Thailand | As (1.06–34.07); Cd (0.02–0.17); Cr (8.08–82.61); Cu (2.20–25.31); Hg (0.00–0.11); Pb (4.13–38.75); Zn (1.63–78.95) b | [24] |
2012 | Inner Gulf of Thailand | As (0.09–0.27); Cd (<0.003–0.07); Cu (0.7–16.0); Hg (<0.0005–0.12); Pb (2.6–38.0); Zn (1.2–2.5) b | [40] |
2012 | Coastal area of Chanthaburi Province | Cd (0.018 ± 0.005); Cr (8.644 ± 1.648); Cu (7.414 ± 1.952); Pb (1.818 ± 0.525); Zn (18.122 ± 3.367) c | [23] |
2012–2013 | Laem Bhak Bia, Phetchburi Province | As (3.280); Cd (0.023); Cr (10.454); Hg (0.015); Ni (2.963); Pb (18.831) a | [42] |
2012–2013 | Laem Bhak Bia, Phetchburi Province | As (3.280); Cd (0.023); Cr (10.454); Hg (0.015); Ni (2.963); Pb (18.831) a | [42] |
- | Don Hoi Lot sandbar, Samut Songkhram Province | Cd (0.85 ± 0.28); Fe (5806.53 ± 333.51); Mn (409.40 ± 26.23); Ni (8.05 ± 0.28); Pb (25.84 ± 0.68) c | [33] |
2014 | Lam Chabang, Chonburi Province | Cd (0.018–3.37); Cu (2.69–126); Hg (0.04–0.325); Ni (2.16–26.8); Pb (14.9–79.8); Zn (28.2–800) b | [36] |
2015–2016 | Bangtaboon Estuary, Phetchburi Province | Cd (0.02–0.33); Cr (34.00–65.81); Cu (10.15–43.10); Hg (0.05–0.09); Mn (2090.00–3865.00); Ni (14.84–26.62); Pb (0.59); Zn (13.69) b | [39] |
Tha Chin Estuary, Samut Sakhon Province | Cd (0.01–0.2); Cr (34.22–70.09); Cu (17.15–37.88); Hg (0.03–0.08); Mn (1250.00–5585.00); Ni (13.84–38.44); Pb (1.14–24.45); Zn (53.45–131.40) b | ||
Muaeng Chonburi, Chonburi Province | Cd (0.05–0.23); Cr (29.38–56.97); Cu (14.31–22.46); Hg (0.06–0.09); Mn (1345.00–2235.00); Ni (14.74–38.20); Pb (0.17–31.58); Zn (65.10–101.78) b | ||
2016 | Don Hoi Lot sandbar, Samut Songkhram Province | Cd (0.86 ± 0.05); Fe (5891.07 ± 61.72); Mn (499.20 ± 16.18); Ni (8.205 ± 0.1); Pb (25.81 ± 0.18) c | [34] |
2016 | Eastern coast of the Gulf | As (<62.7); Cr (1.3–126); Cu (<29); Pb (21.3–134.0); Zn (2–103) b | [41] |
Inner Gulf | As (0.4–16.6); Cr (12.6–157); Cu 5.8–37); Pb (23.9–163.0); Zn (17.2–140) b |
Study Period | Study Area | Organisms | Concentration Reported (µg/g Wet Weight) | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|
1982 | Ang Sila bay | Blood cockle (A. granosa) | Cd (1.88–3.71); Cr (0.14–0.28); Cu (1.36–2.44); Pb (1.64–2.77); Zn (79.15–119.81) b,** | [44] |
Green mussel (P. viridis) | Cd (0.09–2.51); Cr (0.01–2.17); Cu (0.66–17.92); Pb (0.19–3.80); Zn (58.27–285.70) b,** | |||
Oyster (C. commercialis) | Cd (0.33–7.44); Cr (0.15–0.20); Cu (4.89–276.30); Pb (0.54–3.80); Zn (64.11–1920) b,** | |||
1989–1990 | Coast of Thailand | Green mussels (Perna viridis) | Cd (<0.006–0.19); Cu (14.4–103); Hg (0.005–0.121); Mn (30–1,710); Ni (<0.64–79.9); Zn (7.48–131) b,** | [46] |
1995 | Upper Gulf of Thailand | Green mussels (Perna viridis) | Cd (1.48 ± 0.23); Cr (0.97 ± 0.11); Cu (10.48 ± 1.05); Pb (1.26 ± 0.30); Zn (95.36 ± 10.39); Mn (3.02 ± 0.28); Ni (1.74 ± 0.19) c,** | [48] |
Lower Gulf of Thailand | Green mussels (P. viridis) | Cd (0.92 ± 0.12); Cr (0.59 ± 0.19); Cu (9.51 ± 0.73); Pb (0.90 ± 0.159); Zn (91.09 ± 11.91); Mn (2.68 ± 0.39); Ni (1.34 ± 0.21) c,** | ||
1999 | Phetchaburi Province | Edible sea animals | Cd (0.229); Cu (0.434); Pb 910.382); Zn (36.444) | [49] |
1999 | Bangpakong estuary, Chonburi Province | Blood cockle (A. granosa) | Cd (0.275–0.880); Hg (0.244–0.366); Pb (0.180–0.328); Zn (74.304–93.300) b,** | [50] |
Bangboea, Samut Prakan Province | Blood cockle (A. granosa) | Cd (0.237–0.388); Hg (0.250–0.343); Pb (0.150–0.198); Zn (82.768–99.673) b,** | ||
Klongtamru, Chon Buri Province: Farm | Blood cockle (A. granosa) | Cd (0.272–0.746); Hg (0.228–0.559); Pb (0.162–0.213); Zn (47.244–81.493) b,** | ||
Klongtamru, Chon Buri Province; Naturally grown | Blood cockle (A. granosa) | Cd (0.275–0.526); Hg (0.231–0.380); Pb (0.125–0.286); Zn (79.309–100.76) b,** | ||
2007–2008 | Map Ta Phut Industrial Estate, Rayong Province | Fish | Cd (<0.005–0.091); Cu (<0.022–0.96); Hg (<0.004–0.185); Pb (<0.005–0.41); Zn (0.40–13.6) b,** | [57] |
Shrimp | Cd (<0.005–0.090); Cu (3.91–11.9); Hg (0.005–0.087); Pb (<0.005–0.098); Zn (14.6–38.3) b,** | |||
Crayfish | Cd (0.012–1.76); Cu (3.96–478); Hg (<0.004–0.083); Pb (<0.005–0.21); Zn (8.15–382) b,** | |||
Mollusc | Cd (0.181–5.23); Cu (0.091–1.21); Hg (<0.004–0.024); Pb (0.022–0.533); Zn (4.43–576) b,** | |||
2008 | Ban Leam, Phechaburi Province | Blood cockle (A. granosa) | Cd (0.72–21.14); Cr (<0.47–5.21); Ni (0.56–9.43); Pb (0.17–3.91) b,* | [51] |
2009 | Phetchaburi Province/Samut Sakhon Province/Samut Songkram | Blood cockle (A. granosa) | Cd (≤0.05–1.23); Hg (ND–0.04); Pb (<0.12–0.75) b,** | [54] |
2011 | Coast of Songkla province | Marine organisms | Cd (0.001–3.017); Cu (0.194–50.309); Pb (0.011–2.814); Zn (0.765–32.806) b,** | [58] |
2012 | Chanthaburi Province | Oysters (S. cucullata) | Cd (0.752 ± 0.193); Cr (0.201 ± 0.051); Cu (32.577 ± 5.860); Pb (0.011 ± 0.003); Zn (186.180 ± 10.688) c,* | [23] |
Green mussels (P. viridis) | Cd (0.093 ± 0.023); Cr (0.161 ± 0.033); Cu (10.039 ± 4.224); Pb (0.010 ± 0.002); Zn (31.472 ± 4 4.084) c,* | |||
2012 | Trat Province | Hard shall calm (M. casta) | Cd (0.00201); Cr (0.00375); Hg (0.00003); Ni (0.00856); Pb (0.00080) a,** | [53] |
Hard shall calm (M. meretrix) | Cd (0.00338); Cr (0.00162); Hg (0.00003); Ni (0.00294); Pb (0.00051) a,** | |||
Razor calm (S. grandis) | Cd (0.00108); Cr (0.00170); Hg (0.00003); Ni (0.00275); Pb (0.00102) a,** | |||
Razor calm (S. regularis) | Cd (0.00095); Cr (0.00328); Hg (0.00003); Ni (0.00737); Pb (0.00191) a,** | |||
Razor calm (S. strictus) | Cd (0.00059); Cr (0.00066); Hg (0.00003); Ni (0.00106); Pb (0.00032) a,** | |||
Mollusc (Pseudodon sp.) | Cd (0.00010); Cr (0.00247); Hg (0.00003); Ni (0.00245); Pb (0.00169) a,** | |||
2012–2013 | Phetchaburi Province | Blood cockle (A. granosa) | As (0.00917); Cd (0.00577); Cr (0.00060); Hg (0.00009); Ni (0.00175); Pb (0.00089) a,** | [52] |
Hard shall calm (K. hiantina) | As (0.01458); Cd (0.00151); Cr (0.00092); Hg (0.00011); Ni (0.00268); Pb (0.00067) a,** | |||
Hard shall calm (K. Marmorata) | As (0.04037); Cd (0.00532); Cr (0.00749); Hg (0.00034); Ni (0.00759); Pb (0.00242) a,** | |||
Hard shall calm (M. hiantina) | As (0.00809); Cd (0.00112); Cr (0.00059); Hg (0.00007); Ni (0.00207); Pb (0.00036) a,** | |||
Hard shall calm (M. Marmorata) | As (0.02139); Cd (0.00273); Cr (0.00152); Hg (0.00018); Ni (0.00510); Pb (0.00091 a,** | |||
Hard shall calm (P. attenuates | As (0.01044); Cd (0.00049); Cr (0.00128); Hg (0.00011); Ni (0.00391); Pb (0.00144) a,** | |||
2012–2013 | Phetchaburi Province | Hard shall calm (M. casta | Cd (0.00049); Cr (0.00055); Hg (0.00013); Ni (0.00222); Pb (0.00050) a,** | [42] |
Hard shall calm (M. meretrix) | Cr (0.00116); Hg (0.00019); Ni (0.00412); Pb (0.00226) a,** | |||
2013–2014 | Samut Songkhram Province | Green mussels (P. viridis) | Cd (0.10–0.12); Hg(ND); Pb (<0.50) b,** | [56] |
Pethchaburi Province | Green mussels (P. viridis) | Pb (ND–0.73) b,** | ||
Samut Sakhon Province | Green mussels (P. viridis) | Cd (<0.10–0.11); Hg(ND–<0.008); Pb (ND–<0.05) b,** | ||
Samut Songkhram Province | Blood cockle (A. granosa) | Cd (0.15–1.15); Hg (0.01–0.07); Pb (ND–<0.50) b,** | ||
Pethchaburi Province | Blood cockle (A. granosa) | Cd (0.17–0.61); Hg (ND -0.01); Pb (<0.50–2.15) b,** | ||
Samut Sakhon Province | Blood cockle (A. granosa) | Cd (0.86–1.92); Hg (<0.008–0.01); Pb (ND–<0.50) b,** | ||
2014 | Pattani Bay, Pattani Province | Blood cockle (A. granosa) | Cd (0.02–7.58); Cu (0.13–46.25); Pb ((0.08–11.09); Zn (1.01–117.29) b,* | [60] |
2015–2016 | Bangtaboon Estuary, Phetchburi Province | Blood cockle (A. granosa) | Cd (0.35–0.45); Cr (0.57–1.01); Cu (4.13–7.14); Hg (0.03–0.04); Mn (34.10–59.10); Ni (0.34–0.85); Pb (0.09–0.25); Zn (82.55–82.92) b,* | [61] |
Tha Chin Estuary, Samut Ssakhon Province | Blood cockle (A. granosa) | Cd (1.56–4.24); Cr (0.40–0.88); Cu (2.60–4.62); Hg (0.02–0.05); Mn (29.10–176.40); Ni (0.53–0.46); Pb (0.05–0.46); Zn (39.75–84.81) b,* | ||
Muaeng Chonburi, Chonburi Province | Blood cockle (A. granosa) | Cd (3.16–4.52); Cr (0.19–0.46); Cu (2.90–4.88); Hg (0.03–0.04); Mn (13.00–23.00); Ni (0.46–1.29); Pb (0.19–0.36); Zn (34.12–70.03) b,* |
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Worakhunpiset, S. Trace Elements in Marine Sediment and Organisms in the Gulf of Thailand. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 810. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040810
Worakhunpiset S. Trace Elements in Marine Sediment and Organisms in the Gulf of Thailand. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(4):810. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040810
Chicago/Turabian StyleWorakhunpiset, Suwalee. 2018. "Trace Elements in Marine Sediment and Organisms in the Gulf of Thailand" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 4: 810. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040810