Assessment of Metalloid and Metal Contamination in Soils from Hainan, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Sample Collection and Analysis
2.3. Statistical Analysis
2.4. Potential Ecological Risk Assessment
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Concentrations of Metal(loid)s
3.2. Source Identification
3.3. Spatial Distributions and Risk Assessment
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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As | Cd a | Cr | Cu | Hg a | Ni | Pb | Se | Zn | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | 8713 | 8713 | 8713 | 8713 | 8713 | 8713 | 8713 | 8713 | 8713 |
Minimum | 0.01 | 2 | 0.1 | 0.25 | 1 | 0.1 | 1 | 0.02 | 2 |
Maximum | 988.04 | 3064 | 860.3 | 192.9 | 3540 | 327.1 | 619.6 | 4.68 | 800 |
Geometrical mean | 2.17 | 60.19 | 26.50 | 9.43 | 33.34 | 8.74 | 22.20 | 0.26 | 39.64 |
Variation coefficient | 4.05 | 1.16 | 1.58 | 1.35 | 1.77 | 1.91 | 0.67 | 0.88 | 0.74 |
Std. Deviation | 21.42 | 93.61 | 96.32 | 23.34 | 75.20 | 48.18 | 17.51 | 0.30 | 37.91 |
Skewness | 24.91 | 10.52 | 2.65 | 2.35 | 29.30 | 2.74 | 7.79 | 3.39 | 2.51 |
Kurtosis | 858.68 | 219.08 | 7.09 | 4.97 | 1127.52 | 6.93 | 191.20 | 22.67 | 22.31 |
China BK b | 9.20 | 74.00 | 53.90 | 20.00 | 40.00 | 23.40 | 23.60 | 0.22 | 67.70 |
Threshold of the first grate c | 15 | 200 | 90 | 35 | 150 | 40 | 35 | 100 | |
Canadian soil quality guidelines d | 12 | 10000 | 64 | 63 | 6600 | 45 | 140 | 1 | 200 |
Target value of Dutch soil guidelines e | 29 | 800 | 100 | 36 | 300 | 35 | 85 | 140 |
Soil Types | Number of Samples | As | Cd a | Cr | Cu | Hg a | Ni | Pb | Se | Zn |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coastal sandy soil | 311 | 2.69 | 44.76 | 21.72 | 5.87 | 29.22 | 7.08 | 14.20 | 0.11 | 18.61 |
Coastal saline soil | 12 | 1.40 | 28.42 | 16.30 | 3.19 | 65.75 | 3.66 | 11.53 | 0.10 | 14.45 |
Latosolic red soil | 890 | 5.14 | 110.62 | 24.16 | 9.48 | 39.00 | 8.15 | 34.26 | 0.31 | 58.85 |
Yellow soil | 255 | 7.24 | 131.18 | 25.15 | 9.39 | 42.60 | 8.32 | 33.86 | 0.31 | 57.66 |
Volcanic ash soil | 5 | 2.00 | 177.64 | 293.07 | 65.06 | 90.97 | 154.88 | 15.45 | 0.33 | 143.07 |
Chisley soil | 50 | 3.00 | 223.30 | 240.41 | 52.13 | 96.64 | 128.77 | 16.62 | 0.47 | 129.30 |
Paddy soil | 874 | 3.07 | 60.27 | 74.11 | 19.44 | 41.60 | 30.71 | 18.56 | 0.28 | 42.19 |
Alluvial soil | 90 | 3.71 | 96.24 | 28.87 | 11.36 | 39.30 | 10.03 | 25.91 | 0.19 | 38.91 |
Dry red soil | 250 | 1.96 | 73.70 | 12.68 | 5.30 | 24.43 | 3.40 | 26.27 | 0.12 | 23.00 |
Latosol | 5726 | 6.01 | 74.35 | 62.63 | 18.02 | 43.01 | 25.30 | 26.90 | 0.39 | 51.12 |
Purple soil | 76 | 3.50 | 79.51 | 32.50 | 12.77 | 29.45 | 8.93 | 21.21 | 0.28 | 34.96 |
Components | CE Samples | ME Samples | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PC1 | PC2 | PC3 | PC1 | PC2 | PC3 | |
As | 0.036 | 0.853 | −0.001 | 0.304 | 0.753 | −0.096 |
Ba | −0.023 | 0.721 | 0.380 | −0.293 | 0.165 | −0.631 |
Cd | 0.110 | 0.314 | 0.797 | 0.261 | 0.470 | 0.681 |
Co | 0.936 | −0.017 | 0.135 | 0.939 | 0.074 | −0.074 |
Cr | 0.966 | −0.084 | −0.049 | 0.875 | 0.297 | 0.240 |
Cu | 0.752 | 0.513 | 0.212 | 0.802 | 0.329 | 0.248 |
Fe | 0.964 | 0.177 | 0.041 | 0.938 | 0.125 | 0.131 |
Hg | 0.003 | 0.097 | 0.366 | 0.047 | 0.861 | 0.086 |
Ni | 0.961 | −0.116 | 0.043 | 0.951 | 0.171 | 0.154 |
Pb | −0.142 | 0.707 | 0.427 | 0.057 | 0.867 | 0.116 |
S | 0.030 | −0.120 | 0.679 | 0.216 | 0.834 | 0.273 |
Sb | 0.065 | 0.879 | 0.193 | 0.298 | 0.822 | 0.150 |
Se | 0.214 | 0.536 | −0.214 | 0.716 | 0.346 | 0.025 |
V | 0.954 | 0.093 | −0.077 | 0.939 | 0.016 | 0.205 |
Zn | 0.627 | 0.254 | 0.579 | −0.031 | 0.268 | 0.728 |
Eigenvalue | 5.62 | 3.32 | 2.05 | 5.86 | 4.12 | 1.73 |
Total variance (%) | 37.44 | 22.12 | 13.67 | 39.05 | 27.45 | 11.51 |
Cumulative eigenvalue | 5.62 | 8.94 | 10.99 | 5.86 | 9.98 | 11.71 |
Cumulative percentage | 37.44 | 59.56 | 73.23 | 39.05 | 66.5 | 78.01 |
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Liao, X.; Zhang, C.; Sun, G.; Li, Z.; Shang, L.; Fu, Y.; He, Y.; Yang, Y. Assessment of Metalloid and Metal Contamination in Soils from Hainan, China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 454. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15030454
Liao X, Zhang C, Sun G, Li Z, Shang L, Fu Y, He Y, Yang Y. Assessment of Metalloid and Metal Contamination in Soils from Hainan, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(3):454. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15030454
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiao, Xiangjun, Chao Zhang, Guangyi Sun, Zhonggen Li, Lihai Shang, Yangrong Fu, Yusheng He, and Yi Yang. 2018. "Assessment of Metalloid and Metal Contamination in Soils from Hainan, China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 3: 454. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15030454