Vertical Geochemical Variations and Speciation Studies of As, Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu in the Sediments of the Central Gangetic Basin: Sequential Extraction and Statistical Approach
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Site Area Description
2.2. Geomorphology and Hydrogeology of the Study Area
2.3. Sample Collection and Preparation
2.4. Chemical and Reagents
2.5. Sediment Sample Digestion and Sequential Extraction Procedure
2.6. Instrumentation and Analysis
2.7. Quality Assurance and Quality Control of the Analysis
2.8. Statistical Work
2.8.1. Risk Assessment Code (RAC)
2.8.2. Geo-Accumulation Index (Igeo)
2.8.3. Enrichment Factor (EF)
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. The Grain Size of the Core Sediments and Lithographs Reconstructions
3.2. Physical Characteristics of the Vertically Subsurface Sediments
3.3. Arsenic and Other Elements in Vertical Profile
3.4. Arsenic and Other Elements (Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn) Speciation Studies in Vertical Sediments
3.5. Risk Assessment Code (RAC)
3.6. Geo-Accumulation Index (Igeo)
3.7. Enrichment Factor (EF)
3.8. Correlation Matrix
3.9. Mineralogical Evidence of As and Other Elemental Occurrence and Compositions
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Depth (m) | Rigni Chhapra | Chaube Chhapra | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sand | Silt | Clay | Sand | Silt | Clay | |
0.0 | 21.71 | 65.13 | 13.16 | 7.33 | 64.00 | 28.67 |
1.5 | 16.67 | 54.00 | 29.33 | 22.67 | 56.67 | 20.67 |
3.0 | 7.33 | 64.00 | 28.67 | 2.65 | 56.29 | 41.06 |
4.5 | 66.67 | 28.00 | 5.33 | 13.33 | 66.00 | 20.67 |
6.0 | 84.00 | 15.33 | 0.67 | 82.67 | 14.67 | 2.67 |
9.1 | 93.42 | 5.92 | 0.66 | 78.81 | 15.23 | 5.96 |
12.1 | 88.08 | 4.64 | 7.28 | 86.67 | 6.67 | 6.67 |
15.2 | 95.45 | 3.25 | 1.30 | 96.67 | 2.67 | 0.67 |
18.2 | 93.20 | 0.67 | 6.14 | 81.33 | 10.67 | 8.00 |
21.3 | 95.14 | 2.66 | 2.20 | 91.33 | 4.67 | 4.00 |
24.4 | 96.00 | 2.67 | 1.33 | 85.33 | 2.67 | 12.00 |
30.5 | 80.00 | 3.33 | 16.67 | 97.33 | 1.33 | 1.33 |
Depth (m) | Rigni Chhapra | Chaube Chhapra | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
As | Fe | Mn | Zn | Cu | As | Fe | Mn | Zn | Cu | |
0.0 | 11.98 | 26,248 | 566 | 140.2 | 98.8 | 7.65 | 33,777 | 783 | 120.2 | 93.1 |
1.5 | 11.40 | 31,088 | 711 | 124.2 | 89.1 | 7.50 | 30,216 | 546 | 100.3 | 95.3 |
3.0 | 14.17 | 28,996 | 597 | 107.1 | 95.1 | 7.69 | 37,052 | 1052 | 140.9 | 107.9 |
4.5 | 12.76 | 22,617 | 370 | 82.0 | 81.1 | 9.50 | 31,819 | 804 | 198.0 | 82.8 |
6.0 | 13.10 | 21,173 | 453 | 87.3 | 90.5 | 10.11 | 14,909 | 370 | 62.1 | 60.1 |
9.1 | 12.47 | 13,871 | 401 | 101.6 | 69.4 | 11.45 | 20,354 | 381 | 76.5 | 64.7 |
12.1 | 6.94 | 17,854 | 659 | 45.0 | 67.6 | 9.21 | 16,706 | 401 | 97.1 | 79.7 |
15.2 | 12.92 | 14,756 | 267 | 52.2 | 89.6 | 10.38 | 13,731 | 298 | 64.3 | 68.9 |
18.2 | 13.02 | 13,849 | 329 | 85.7 | 66.0 | 13.21 | 17,079 | 504 | 64.6 | 61.7 |
21.3 | 9.39 | 14,040 | 319 | 79.2 | 72.1 | 13.05 | 14,740 | 267 | 66.7 | 68.5 |
24.3 | 11.88 | 15,017 | 298 | 132.2 | 68.9 | 12.22 | 12,878 | 339 | 59.8 | 68.3 |
35.5 | 11.41 | 17,051 | 649 | 163.8 | 69.7 | 9.94 | 10,936 | 319 | 65.1 | 61.9 |
Variable | Fe | Mn | Zn | Cu | As | OC | Carbonate | Phosphate | Sand | Silt | Clay |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(a) | |||||||||||
Fe | 1 | ||||||||||
Mn | 0.67 * | 1 | |||||||||
Zn | 0.31 | 0.37 | 1 | ||||||||
Cu | 0.76 ** | 0.25 | 0.10 | 1 | |||||||
As | 0.23 | −0.29 | 0.27 | 0.46 | 1 | ||||||
OC | 0.87 ** | 0.60 * | 0.56 | 0.78 ** | 0.24 | 1 | |||||
Carbonate | 0.23 | 0.44 | 0.75 ** | 0.09 | 0.11 | 0.43 | 1 | ||||
Phosphorous | 0.09 | −0.09 | 0.28 | 0.29 | 0.13 | 0.37 | 0.08 | 1 | |||
Sand | −0.95 ** | −0.65 * | −0.41 | −0.73 ** | −0.27 | −0.91 ** | −0.18 | −0.15 | 1 | ||
Silt | 0.93 ** | 0.54 | 0.35 | 0.80 ** | 0.31 | 0.91 ** | 0.09 | 0.29 | −0.98 ** | 1 | |
Clay | 0.81 ** | 0.78 ** | 0.45 | 0.44 | 0.13 | 0.73 ** | 0.34 | −0.21 | −0.87 ** | 0.75 ** | 1 |
(b) | |||||||||||
Fe | 1 | ||||||||||
Mn | 0.93 ** | 1 | |||||||||
Zn | 0.82 ** | 0.82 ** | 1 | ||||||||
Cu | 0.89 ** | 0.83 ** | 0.69 * | 1 | |||||||
As | −0.71 ** | −0.63 * | −0.57 | −0.79 ** | 1 | ||||||
OC | 0.88 ** | 0.76 ** | 0.59 * | 0.78 ** | −0.75 ** | 1 | |||||
Carbonate | 0.88 ** | 0.88 ** | 0.72 ** | 0.86 ** | −0.55 | 0.76 ** | 1 | ||||
Phosphate | 0.18 | −0.08 | 0.03 | 0.23 | −0.17 | 0.16 | −0.02 | 1 | |||
Sand | −0.98 ** | −0.92 ** | −0.83 ** | −0.88 ** | 0.72 ** | −0.91 ** | −0.89 ** | −0.15 | 1 | ||
Silt | 0.97 ** | 0.88 ** | 0.84 ** | 0.82 ** | −0.73 ** | 0.90 ** | 0.81 ** | 0.19 | −0.99 ** | 1 | |
Clay | 0.92 ** | 0.94 ** | 0.71 * | 0.92 ** | −0.65 * | 0.82 ** | 0.96 ** | 0.04 | −0.93 ** | 0.85 ** | 1 |
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Kumar, M.; Ramanathan, A. Vertical Geochemical Variations and Speciation Studies of As, Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu in the Sediments of the Central Gangetic Basin: Sequential Extraction and Statistical Approach. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 183. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15020183
Kumar M, Ramanathan A. Vertical Geochemical Variations and Speciation Studies of As, Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu in the Sediments of the Central Gangetic Basin: Sequential Extraction and Statistical Approach. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(2):183. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15020183
Chicago/Turabian StyleKumar, Manoj, and AL. Ramanathan. 2018. "Vertical Geochemical Variations and Speciation Studies of As, Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu in the Sediments of the Central Gangetic Basin: Sequential Extraction and Statistical Approach" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 2: 183. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15020183