Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(12), 2893; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15122893
Comorbidity of Symptoms of Alcohol and Cannabis Use Disorders among a Population-Based Sample of Simultaneous Users. Insight from a Network Perspective
Stéphanie Baggio 1,2,*, Marlène Sapin 3, Yasser Khazaal 4
, Joseph Studer 5, Hans Wolff 1 and Gerhard Gmel 5,6,7,8
, Joseph Studer 5, Hans Wolff 1 and Gerhard Gmel 5,6,7,8
1
Division of Prison Health, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, 1226 Thônex, Switzerland
2
Life Course and Social Inequality Research Centre, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
3
Swiss Center of Expertise in Social Sciences (FORS) & Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research “LIVES—Overcoming Vulnerability: Life Course Perspectives”, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
4
Geneva University Hospitals, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
5
Alcohol Treatment Centre, Lausanne University Hospital CHUV, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
6
Addiction Switzerland, 1001 Lausanne, Switzerland
7
Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, M6J 1H4 Toronto, Canada
8
University of the West of England, BS16 1QY Bristol, UK
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 2 October 2018 / Revised: 11 December 2018 / Accepted: 12 December 2018 / Published: 17 December 2018
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dual Disorder Patients: Clinical and Therapeutical Aspects)
Abstract
Research into comorbidity of alcohol and cannabis use disorders has resulted in inconsistent findings, especially among simultaneous users, who used alcohol and cannabis together on a single occasion. This study investigated the association of alcohol and cannabis use disorders among simultaneous users using a network perspective, which considers direct relationships between symptoms. We used a subset of simultaneous alcohol and cannabis users driven from the representative population-based sample of young Swiss men cohort study on substance use risk factors (C-SURF) (n = 1559 at baseline and n = 991 at follow-up). Self-reported symptoms of alcohol and cannabis use disorders were collected. Network analyses included network estimation, visualization, and community detection tests. Alcohol and cannabis use symptoms were separated in two distinct clusters, with few paths between them (eleven positive edges at baseline, three at follow-up). Withdrawal symptoms were likely to connect the two disorders at baseline, but not at follow-up. Alcohol and cannabis use disorders appeared as separate disorders among simultaneous users. Our findings mitigated previous findings on the detrimental association between alcohol and cannabis use. Future studies should incorporate network analyses as a means to study comorbidity in other community and clinical samples to confirm our preliminary findings. View Full-TextKeywords:
addiction; alcohol; cannabis; marijuana; polydrug use
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Baggio, S.; Sapin, M.; Khazaal, Y.; Studer, J.; Wolff, H.; Gmel, G. Comorbidity of Symptoms of Alcohol and Cannabis Use Disorders among a Population-Based Sample of Simultaneous Users. Insight from a Network Perspective. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 2893.
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