Enablers Supporting the Implementation of Knowledge Management in the Healthcare of Pakistan
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Knowledge Management
2.2. KM in the Healthcare of Pakistan
2.3. Enablers of KM in Healthcare
3. Research Methodology
3.1. Interpretive Structural Analysis (ISM)
- Step 1
- Identifying the enablers of KM implementation in the healthcare sector through comprehensive literature review.
- Step 2
- Shortlist the enablers with the help of expert opinion, using 5-point scale and geometric mean. The variables with a value of less than 3 are rejected.
- Step 3
- Developing the Structural Self-Interaction Matrix (SSIM), to show the pairwise relationship between the variables.
- Step 4
- Developing the Initial Reachability Matrix (IRM) by digitizing the SSIM with 1 and 0.
- Step 5
- Incorporating the transitivity, the hidden interrelationships are explained, if A is related to B, B is related to C, then A and C must also be related in some way,
- Step 6
- The Final Reachability Matrix (FRM) is developed, in this all the transitivity is removed,
- Step 7
- Level partitions are made; this is done by giving the variables different levels,
- Step 8
- Making the ISM model, the model is made on the basis of level partitions, the level at the top is level 1, as the level increases so does its criticality, and finally
- Step 9
- The MICMAC analysis is done. It is done with the help of driving and dependence power.
3.1.1. Structural Self-Interaction Matrix (SSIM)
- V shows that enabler i helps to achieve or influence enabler j;
- A shows that enabler j helps to achieve or influence enabler i;
- X shows that enabler i and enabler j help to achieve or influence each other; and
- O shows that there is no relationship between enabler i and enabler j
3.1.2. Initial Reachability Matrix (IRM)
- If in the SSIM the relationship (i, j) is represented with the V symbol, then the entry (i, j) is 1 and (j, i) is 0;
- If in the SSIM the relationship (i, j) is represented with the A symbol, then the entry (i, j) is 0 and (j, i) is 1;
- If in the SSIM the relationship (i, j) is represented with the X symbol, then the entry (i, j) is 1 and (j, i) is also 1; and
- If in the SSIM the relationship (i, j) is represented with the O symbol, then the entry (i, j) is 0 and (j, i) is also 0;
3.1.3. Final Reachability Matrix (FRM)
3.1.4. Level Partitions
3.1.5. ISM Model
3.2. MICMAC Analysis
- Autonomous enabler: the enablers in Quadrant I are autonomous enablers, these enablers have weak driving and dependence power. These enablers do not have much effect on other enablers. These enablers are disconnected and remain extraneous.
- Dependent enablers: the enablers in Quadrant II are dependent enablers; these enablers have weak driving but strong dependence power. These enablers are highly influenced by other enablers. If an action is taken on the influential enablers it will affect these enablers as well.
- Linkage enablers: the enablers in Quadrant III are linkage enablers; these enablers have high driving and dependence power. These enablers are very volatile, any action taken on one enabler will affect the other and itself in the process.
- Independent enablers: the enablers in Quadrant IV are independent enablers; these enablers have a strong driving but weak dependence power. If any action is taken on these enablers they will affect other enablers that are dependent on these enablers.
4. Results and Discussion
- Autonomous enablers: According to current study one enabler lies in Quadrant I, it has weak driving and dependence power. This enabler does not have much impact and is disconnected and remain extraneous. It is enabler 7 (establishing customer relationship management (CRM)). This enabler least helps in supporting the implementation of KM in the healthcare sector of Pakistan. However, the presence of one autonomous enabler shows that the other enablers selected by this research help significantly.
- Dependent enablers: the enablers in Quadrant II have weak driving but strong dependence power. According to current study 5 of the enablers lie in this quadrant, which include enabler 4 (Developing transparent workflow), enabler 5 (Eliminate distrust), enabler 6 (Detection of knowledge brokers), enabler 8 (Developing collaborative learning atmosphere), and enabler 11 (Categorizing information to avoid overflow of information).
- Linkage enablers: the enablers in Quadrant III have strong driving and dependence powers, they are considered to be among the Key enablers. These enablers help in affecting the other enablers. If one of these enablers is used to help, then the other enablers will also provide some assistance. According to the current study 12 of the enablers lie in Quadrant III; they are enabler 12 (Employee motivation), enabler 13 (Employee empowerment), enabler 14 (Promotion of e-data), enabler 16 (Training and education), enabler 17(Hiring KM personnel’s) and enabler 18 (Knowledge filtering).
- Independent enabler: the enablers in Quadrant IV have strong driving but weak dependence power. These are the main (Key) enablers; they support the implementation of KM in the healthcare sector of Pakistan the most. According to the current study 6 enablers lie in this category, they are enabler 1 (Management commitment), enabler 2 (Policy incentives), enabler 3 (Long-term strategic planning), enabler 9 (Align KM efforts with business strategy), enabler 10 (IT for KM), and enabler 15 (Customer Feedback).
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No | Enabler | Reference |
---|---|---|
1 | Management commitment | [2,41,44] |
2 | Policy incentives | [39,45,46] |
3 | Long-term strategic planning | [12,47,48] |
4 | Developing a transparent workflow | [2,38,49] |
5 | Eliminate distrust | [2,12,41,50] |
6 | Detection of knowledge brokers | [2,19,51] |
7 | Establishing customer relationship management (CRM) | [38,52] |
8 | Developing collaborative learning atmosphere | [12,40,42,53,54] |
9 | Alignment of knowledge management (KM) goals and objectives | [12,47,55] |
10 | IT for KM | [2,38,41,42,56] |
11 | Categorizing information to avoid overflow of information | [12,43] |
12 | Employee motivation | [2,41,44] |
13 | Employee empowerment | [2] |
14 | Promotion of e-data | [2,57] |
15 | Customer Feedback | [40,42,53] |
16 | Training and education | [12,47,58,59] |
17 | Hiring KM personnel’s | [40,41,60] |
18 | Knowledge filtering | [2,42,61,62] |
Enablers | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Management commitment | --- | A | X | V | V | V | V | V | V | V | O | O | O | O | X | V | V | O |
2 | Policy incentives | V | O | O | O | V | O | O | V | V | V | O | V | O | V | V | O | ||
3 | Long-term strategic planning | V | O | V | V | V | V | V | O | O | V | V | X | V | V | O | |||
4 | Developing a transparent workflow | X | V | O | O | O | O | V | X | X | O | A | A | O | O | ||||
5 | Eliminate distrust | O | O | A | O | O | O | V | A | O | O | A | O | O | |||||
6 | Detection of knowledge brokers | O | A | A | O | O | A | O | O | O | A | O | O | ||||||
7 | Establishing customer relationship management (CRM) | O | A | A | O | O | O | O | X | O | O | O | |||||||
8 | Developing collaborative learning atmosphere | A | O | O | X | V | O | O | A | O | O | ||||||||
9 | Align KM efforts with business strategy | X | V | V | O | V | V | V | V | V | |||||||||
10 | IT for KM | V | O | O | V | O | V | V | V | ||||||||||
11 | Categorizing information to avoid overflow of information | A | A | O | O | A | A | A | |||||||||||
12 | Employee motivation | A | O | A | X | O | V | ||||||||||||
13 | Employee empowerment | O | O | A | O | O | |||||||||||||
14 | Promotion of e-data | O | X | A | V | ||||||||||||||
15 | Customer Feedback | V | V | O | |||||||||||||||
16 | Training and education | O | V | ||||||||||||||||
17 | Hiring KM personnel’s | X | |||||||||||||||||
18 | Knowledge filtering |
Structural Self-Interaction Matrix | Initial Reachability Matrix (IRM) | |
---|---|---|
Element (i, j) | Element (i, j) | Element (j, i) |
V | 1 | 0 |
A | 0 | 1 |
X | 1 | 1 |
O | 0 | 0 |
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | |
1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
3 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
11 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
14 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
15 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
16 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
17 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
18 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | Driving Power | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1* | 1* | 1* | 1* | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1* | 17 |
2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1* | 1* | 1* | 1 | 1* | 1* | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1* | 1 | 1* | 1 | 1 | 1* | 18 |
3 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1* | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1* | 1* | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1* | 17 |
4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1* | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1* | 0 | 1* | 9 |
5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1* | 0 | 1* | 0 | 0 | 1* | 1 | 1* | 0 | 0 | 1* | 0 | 1* | 9 |
6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
7 | 1* | 0 | 1* | 1* | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1* | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1* | 1* | 0 | 8 |
8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1* | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1* | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1* | 0 | 1* | 9 |
9 | 1* | 0 | 1* | 1* | 1* | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1* | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 17 |
10 | 1* | 0 | 1* | 1* | 1* | 1* | 1 | 1* | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1* | 1* | 1 | 1* | 1 | 1 | 1 | 17 |
11 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1* | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1* | 1* | 0 | 1 | 1* | 1 | 11 |
13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1* | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1* | 0 | 1* | 1* | 1* | 11 |
14 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1* | 1* | 1* | 0 | 1* | 0 | 0 | 1* | 1* | 1* | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1* | 1 | 11 |
15 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1* | 1* | 1 | 1* | 1* | 1* | 1* | 1 | 1* | 1* | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1* | 17 |
16 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1* | 1 | 11 |
17 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1* | 1* | 1* | 0 | 1* | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1* | 1* | 1 | 0 | 1* | 1 | 1 | 11 |
18 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1* | 1* | 1* | 0 | 1* | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1* | 1* | 1* | 0 | 1* | 1 | 1 | 11 |
Dependence power | 7 | 1 | 7 | 16 | 15 | 16 | 7 | 15 | 6 | 6 | 16 | 16 | 15 | 12 | 7 | 16 | 13 | 15 |
Enablers | Reachability Sets | Antecedent Set | Intersections | Levels |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 | 1, 2, 3, 7, 9, 10, 15 | 1, 3, 7, 9, 10, 15 | |
2 | 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 | 2 | 2 | |
3 | 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 | 1, 2, 3, 7, 9, 15 | 1, 3, 7, 9, 15 | |
4 | 4, 5, 6, 8, 11, 12, 13, 16, 18 | 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 | 4, 5, 8, 12, 13, 16, 18 | |
5 | 4, 5, 6, 8, 11, 12, 13, 16, 18 | 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 | 4, 5, 8, 12, 13, 16, 18 | |
6 | 6 | 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 | 6 | 1 |
7 | 1, 3, 4, 7, 12, 15, 16, 17 | 1, 2, 3, 7, 9, 10, 15 | 1, 3, 7, 15 | |
8 | 4, 5, 6, 8, 11, 12, 13, 16, 18 | 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 | 4, 5, 8, 12, 13, 16, 18 | |
9 | 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 | 1, 2, 3, 9, 10, 15 | 1, 3, 9, 10, 15 | |
10 | 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 | 1, 2, 3, 9, 10,15 | 1, 3, 9, 10, 15 | |
11 | 11 | 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 | 11 | 1 |
12 | 4, 5, 6, 8, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18 | 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 | 4, 5, 8, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18 | |
13 | 4, 5, 6, 8, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18 | 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 | 4, 5, 8, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18 | |
14 | 4, 5, 6, 8, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18 | 1, 2, 3, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 | 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18 | |
15 | 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 | 1, 2, 3, 7, 9, 10, 15 | 1, 3, 7, 9, 10, 15 | |
16 | 4, 5, 6, 8, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18 | 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 | 4, 5, 8, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18 | |
17 | 4, 5, 6, 8, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18 | 1, 2, 3, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 | 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18 | |
18 | 4, 5, 6, 8, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18 | 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 | 4, 5, 8, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18 |
Enablers | Reachability Sets | Antecedent Set | Intersections | Levels |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 | 1, 2, 3, 7, 9, 10, 15 | 1, 3, 7, 9, 10, 15 | |
2 | 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 | 2 | 2 | |
3 | 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 | 1, 2, 3, 7, 9, 15 | 1, 3, 7, 9, 15 | |
4 | 4, 5, 8, 12, 13, 16, 18 | 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 | 4, 5, 8, 12, 13, 16, 18 | 2 |
5 | 4, 5, 8, 12, 13, 16, 18 | 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 | 4, 5, 8, 12, 13, 16, 18 | 2 |
7 | 1, 3, 4, 7, 12, 15, 16, 17 | 1, 2, 3, 7, 9, 10, 15 | 1, 3, 7, 15 | |
8 | 4, 5, 8, 12, 13, 16, 18 | 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 | 4, 5, 8, 12, 13, 16, 18 | 2 |
9 | 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 | 1, 2, 3, 9, 10, 15 | 1, 3, 9, 10, 15 | |
10 | 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 | 1, 2, 3, 9, 10, 15 | 1, 3, 9, 10, 15 | |
12 | 4, 5, 8, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18 | 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 | 4, 5, 8, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18 | 2 |
13 | 4, 5, 8, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18 | 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 | 4, 5, 8, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18 | 2 |
14 | 4, 5, 8, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18 | 1, 2, 3, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 | 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18 | |
15 | 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 | 1, 2, 3, 7, 9, 10, 15 | 1, 3, 7, 9, 10, 15 | |
16 | 4, 5, 8, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18 | 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 | 4, 5, 8, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18 | 2 |
17 | 4, 5, 8, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18 | 1, 2, 3, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 | 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18 | |
18 | 4, 5, 8, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18 | 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 | 4, 5, 8, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18 | 2 |
Enablers | Reachability Sets | Antecedent Set | Intersections | Levels |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1, 3, 7, 9, 10, 14, 15, 17 | 1, 2, 3, 7, 9, 10, 15 | 1, 3, 7, 9, 10, 15 | |
2 | 1, 2, 3, 7, 9, 10, 14, 15, 17 | 2 | 2 | |
3 | 1, 3, 7, 9, 10, 14, 15, 17 | 1, 2, 3, 7, 9, 15 | 1, 3, 7, 9, 15 | |
7 | 1, 3, 7, 15, 17 | 1, 2, 3, 7, 9, 10, 15 | 1, 3, 7, 15 | |
9 | 1, 3, 7, 9, 10, 14, 15, 17 | 1, 2, 3, 9, 10, 15 | 1, 3, 9, 10, 15 | |
10 | 1, 3, 7, 9, 10, 14, 15, 17 | 1, 2, 3, 9, 10, 15 | 1, 3, 9, 10, 15 | |
14 | 14, 17 | 1, 2, 3, 9, 10, 14, 15, 17 | 14, 17 | 3 |
15 | 1, 3, 7, 9, 10, 14, 15, 17 | 1, 2, 3, 7, 9, 10, 15 | 1, 3, 7, 9, 10, 15 | |
17 | 14, 17 | 1, 2, 3, 7, 9, 10, 14, 15, 17 | 14, 17 | 3 |
Enablers | Reachability Sets | Antecedent Set | Intersections | Levels |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1, 3, 7, 9, 10, 15 | 1, 2, 3, 7, 9, 10, 15 | 1, 3, 7, 9, 10, 15 | 4 |
2 | 1, 2, 3, 7, 9, 10, 15 | 2 | 2 | |
3 | 1, 3, 7, 9, 10, 15 | 1, 2, 3, 7, 9, 15 | 1, 3, 7, 9, 15 | |
7 | 1, 3, 7, 15 | 1, 2, 3, 7, 9, 10, 15 | 1, 3, 7, 15 | 4 |
9 | 1, 3, 7, 9, 10, 15 | 1, 2, 3, 9, 10, 15 | 1, 3, 9, 10, 15 | |
10 | 1, 3, 7, 9, 10, 15 | 1, 2, 3, 9, 10, 15 | 1, 3, 9, 10, 15 | |
15 | 1, 3, 7, 9, 10, 15 | 1, 2, 3, 7, 9, 10, 15 | 1, 3, 7, 9, 10, 15 | 4 |
Enablers | Reachability Sets | Antecedent Set | Intersections | Levels |
---|---|---|---|---|
2 | 2, 3, 9, 10 | 2 | 2 | |
3 | 3, 9, 10 | 2, 3, 9 | 3, 9 | |
9 | 3, 9, 10 | 2, 3, 9, 10 | 3, 9, 10 | 5 |
10 | 3, 9, 10, | 2, 3, 9, 10 | 3, 9, 10 | 5 |
Enablers | Reachability Sets | Antecedent Set | Intersections | Levels |
---|---|---|---|---|
2 | 2, 3 | 2 | 2 | |
3 | 3 | 2, 3 | 3 | 6 |
Enablers | Reachability Sets | Antecedent Set | Intersections | Levels |
---|---|---|---|---|
2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 7 |
Levels | Enablers |
---|---|
1 | (6) Detection of knowledge brokers, and (11) Categorizing information to avoid overflow of information |
2 | (18) Knowledge filtering (16) Training and education (13) Employee empowerment (12) Employee motivation (8) Developing collaborative learning atmosphere (5) Eliminate distrust, and (4) Developing a transparent workflow |
3 | (14) Promotion of e-data, and (17) Hiring KM personnel’s |
4 | (15) Customer Feedback (7) Establishing Customer Relationship Management (CRM), and (1) Management commitment |
5 | (10) IT for KM, and (9) Align KM efforts with business strategy |
6 | (3) Long-term strategic planning |
7 | (2) Policy incentives |
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Karamat, J.; Shurong, T.; Ahmad, N.; Waheed, A.; Mahmood, K. Enablers Supporting the Implementation of Knowledge Management in the Healthcare of Pakistan. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 2816. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15122816
Karamat J, Shurong T, Ahmad N, Waheed A, Mahmood K. Enablers Supporting the Implementation of Knowledge Management in the Healthcare of Pakistan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(12):2816. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15122816
Chicago/Turabian StyleKaramat, Jawad, Tong Shurong, Naveed Ahmad, Abdul Waheed, and Kashif Mahmood. 2018. "Enablers Supporting the Implementation of Knowledge Management in the Healthcare of Pakistan" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 12: 2816. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15122816
APA StyleKaramat, J., Shurong, T., Ahmad, N., Waheed, A., & Mahmood, K. (2018). Enablers Supporting the Implementation of Knowledge Management in the Healthcare of Pakistan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(12), 2816. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15122816