Psychiatric Impact of Organized and Ritual Child Sexual Abuse: Cross-Sectional Findings from Individuals Who Report Being Victimized
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Measures
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Data Validity
3.2. Sample Characteristics
3.3. Associations between ORA-Related Variables and with Trauma-Related Symptoms
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Statistics | |
---|---|---|
Age in years | ||
M (SD), Mdn | 40.0 (10.3) | 39 |
Sex | ||
Female (n, %) | 158 | 95.8 |
Male (n, %) | 4 | 2.4 |
Other (n, %) | 3 | 1.8 |
Sexual orientation | ||
Exclusively/mainly heterosexual (n, %) | 50 | 30.3 |
Bisexual (n, %) | 18 | 10.9 |
Exclusively/mainly homosexual (n, %) | 21 | 12.7 |
Asexual/no sexual interests (n, %) | 44 | 26.7 |
Unsure (n, %) | 32 | 19.4 |
Partnership status | ||
No partnership (n, %) | 95 | 57.6 |
Partnership (n, %) | 70 | 42.4 |
Parentship | ||
Children (n, %) | 52 | 31.5 |
No children (n, %) | 113 | 68.5 |
Graduation | ||
Lower secondary school (n, %) | 8 | 4.8 |
Middle secondary school (n, %) | 61 | 37.0 |
Higher secondary school (n, %) | 95 | 57.6 |
Not yet completed, other or no degree (n, %) | 1 | 0.6 |
Employment status | ||
Full or part time employment (n, %) | 32 | 19.4 |
Marginal employment (n, %) | 10 | 6.1 |
No employment (n, %) | 14 | 8.5 |
In professional education (n, %) | 9 | 5.5 |
Retired or incapacitated (n, %) | 100 | 60.6 |
Size of former hometown; number of inhabitants | ||
Major city; ≥100.000 (n, %) | 56 | 33.9 |
Small- or medium-sized town; ≥5.000 (n, %) | 65 | 39.4 |
Village/countryside (n, %) | 44 | 26.7 |
Variables | Statistics | ||
---|---|---|---|
Onset of ORA (age in years) | |||
n = 109 | M (SD), Mdn. | 3.0 (0.3) | 2.0 |
Awareness of ORA experiences (age in years) | |||
n = 146 | M (SD), Mdn. | 28.5 (12.4) | 26.5 |
Disclosure | |||
n = 160 | Yes (n, %) | 156 | 97.5 |
No (n, %) | 4 | 2.5 | |
Time from beginning of ORA to diclosure (in years) | |||
n = 156 | M (SD), Mdn. | 24.2 (13.5) | 23.0 |
Birth family involved | |||
n = 165 | Yes (n, %) | 132 | 80.0 |
No (n, %) | 33 | 20.0 | |
Ideological strategies used by perpetrators | |||
n = 122 | Yes (n, %) | 107 | 87.7 |
No (n, %) | 15 | 12.3 | |
Dissociative split strategies used by perpetrators | |||
n = 151 | Yes (n, %) | 96 | 63.6 |
No (n, %) | 55 | 36.4 | |
Exit out of ORA structures | |||
n = 125 | Yes (n, %) | 94 | 75.2 |
No (n, %) | 31 | 24.8 |
Variables | Statistics | ||
---|---|---|---|
Use of counseling | |||
n = 165 | Yes (n, %) | 106 | 64.2 |
No (n, %) | 59 | 35.8 | |
Use of outpatient psychotherapy | |||
n = 165 | Yes (n, %) | 158 | 95.8 |
No (n, %) | 7 | 4.2 | |
Use of inpatient treatment | |||
n = 165 | Yes (n, %) | 122 | 73.9 |
No (n, %) | 43 | 26.1 | |
Indication of PTSD (PCL-5) | |||
n = 165 | Yes (n, %) | 125 | 75.8 |
No (n, %) | 40 | 24.7 | |
Total score (M, SD) | 51.44 (16.25) | ||
Indication of somatoform dissociation (SDQ-5) | |||
n = 165 | Yes (n, %) | 147 | 89.1 |
No (n, %) | 18 | 10.9 | |
Total score (M, SD) | 14.36 (4.44) |
Psychiatric Disorders | Professionally Diagnosed in Lifetime (%, n) | Professionally Diagnosed Currently (%, n) |
---|---|---|
Depressive Disorder | 87.3 (144) | 51.5 (85) |
Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder | 84.8 (140) | 53.9 (89) |
Dissociative Identity Disorder | 83.6 (138) | 78.8 (130) |
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder | 73.9 (122) | 23.6 (39) |
Eating Disorder | 62.4 (103) | 24.2 (40) |
Dissociative Disorder | 51.5 (85) | 18.2 (30) |
Generalized Anxiety Disorder | 42.4 (70) | 10.9 (18) |
Borderline Personality Disorder | 42.4 (70) | 4.8 (8) |
Emotionally Unstable Personality Disorder | 40.0 (66) | 3.6 (6) |
Panic Disorder and/or Agoraphobia | 32.1 (53) | 11.5 (19) |
Social Anxiety Disorder | 25.5 (42) | 10.3 (17) |
Substance Abuse and/or Addiction | 24.8 (41) | 4.2 (7) |
Schizophrenia | 24.8 (41) | 0.6 (1) |
Enduring Personality Change after Catastrophic Experience | 20.6 (34) | 7.3 (12) |
Psychotic Disorder | 19.4 (32) | 0.6 (1) |
Other Personality Disorder | 18.8 (31) | 3.6 (6) |
Delusional Disorder | 17.6 (29) | 0.6 (1) |
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder | 17.0 (28) | 3.0 (5) |
Dissociative Disorder Not Otherwise Specified | 12.7 (21) | 3.0 (5) |
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Family involved in ORA structures | - | ||||
2. Ideological strategies used by perpetrators | n = 122, r = 0.32, p ≤ 0.001 * | - | |||
3. Dissociative Identity Disorder | N = 165, r = 0.04, p = 0.636 | n = 122, r = 0.25, p = 0.005 * | - | ||
4. Exit out of ORA structures | n = 125, r = −0.10, p = 0.258 | n = 95, r = −0.13, p = 0.223 | n = 125, r = −0.05, p = 0.620 | - | |
5. Psychotherapy | N = 165, r = −0.03, p = 0.701 | n = 122, r = 0.05, p = 0.596 | N = 165, r = 0.41, p ≤ 0.001 * | n = 125, r = 0.11, p = 0.239 | - |
PCL-5 (ANOVA) | SDQ-5 (ANOVA) | MANOVA | |
---|---|---|---|
Family involved in ORA structures | F(1,89) = 0.312; p = 0.578; η2p = 0.00; β = −0.06 | F(1,89) = 0.302; p = 0.584; η2p = 0.00; β = −0.05 | ΛRoy = 0.005; F(2,88) = 0.221; p = 0.802; η2p = 0.01 |
Ideological strategies used by perpetrators | F(1,89) = 1.718; p = 0.193; η2p = 0.02; β = 0.14 | F(1,89) = 11.433; p = 0.001 *; η2p = 0.11; β = 0.32 | ΛRoy = 0.128; F(2,88) = 5.654; p = 0.005 *; η2p = 0.11 |
Dissociative Identity Disorder | F(1,89) = 6.107; p = 0.015 *; η2p = 0.06; β = 0.26 | F(1,89) = 14.715; p ≤ 0.001 *; η2p = 0.14; β = 0.37 | ΛRoy = 0.179; F(2,88) = 7.898; p = 0.001*; η2p = 0.15 |
Exit out of ORA structures | F(1,89) = 8.000; p = 0.006 *; η2p = 0.08; β = −0.27 | F(1,89) = 6.767; p = 0.011 *; η2p = 0.07; β = −0.23 | ΛRoy = 0.121; F(2,88) = 5.330; p = 0.007 *; η2p = 0.11 |
Psychotherapy | F(1,89) = 3.291; p = 0.073; η2p = 0.04 β = −0.19 | F(1,89) = 0.325; p = 0.570; η2p = 0.00; β = −0.05 | ΛRoy = 0.037; F(2,88) = 1.633; p = 0.201; η2p = 0.04 |
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Schröder, J.; Nick, S.; Richter-Appelt, H.; Briken, P. Psychiatric Impact of Organized and Ritual Child Sexual Abuse: Cross-Sectional Findings from Individuals Who Report Being Victimized. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 2417. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112417
Schröder J, Nick S, Richter-Appelt H, Briken P. Psychiatric Impact of Organized and Ritual Child Sexual Abuse: Cross-Sectional Findings from Individuals Who Report Being Victimized. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(11):2417. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112417
Chicago/Turabian StyleSchröder, Johanna, Susanne Nick, Hertha Richter-Appelt, and Peer Briken. 2018. "Psychiatric Impact of Organized and Ritual Child Sexual Abuse: Cross-Sectional Findings from Individuals Who Report Being Victimized" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 11: 2417. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112417
APA StyleSchröder, J., Nick, S., Richter-Appelt, H., & Briken, P. (2018). Psychiatric Impact of Organized and Ritual Child Sexual Abuse: Cross-Sectional Findings from Individuals Who Report Being Victimized. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(11), 2417. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112417