Evaluation of Caffeine Consumption among Pregnant Women from Southern Poland
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Sokołowska, B.; Wiśniewska, M.; Borzęcki, A. Analysis of selected aspects of the diet of pregnant women. Fam. Med. Prim. Care Rev. 2014, 3, 291–292. [Google Scholar]
- Jarosz, M.; Rychlik, E.; Stoś, K.; Wierzejska, R.; Wojtasik, A.; Charzewska, J.; Mojska, H.; Szponar, L.; Sajór, I.; Kłosiewicz-Latoszek, L.; et al. Nutrition Standards for the Polish Population; Instytut Żywności i Żywienia: Warszawa, Poland, 2017; ISBN 978-83-86060-89-4. [Google Scholar]
- Polish Gynecological Society. Recommendations of Antenatal Care during Physiological Pregnancy. 2011. Available online: http://www.femmed.com.pl/wpcontent/uploads/2013/02/rekomendacjaopiekaprzedporodowa.pdf (accessed on 13 October 2017).
- Bojarowicz, H.; Przygoda, M. Caffeine. Part I. Common use of caffeine and its effect on human organism. Probl. Hig. Epidemiol. 2012, 93, 8–13. [Google Scholar]
- Nehlig, A.; Daval, J.L.; Debry, G. Caffeine and the central nervous system: Mechanisms of action, biochemical, metabolic and psychostimulant effects. Brain Res. Rev. 1992, 17, 139–170. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Turnbull, D.; Rodricks, J.V.; Mariano, G.F.; Chowdhury, F. Caffeine and cardiovascular health. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2017, 89, 165–185. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cappelletti, S.; Daria, P.; Sani, G.; Aromatario, M. Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? Curr. Neuropharmacol. 2015, 13, 71–88. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bojarowicz, H.; Przygoda, M. Caffeine. Part II. Caffeine and pregnancy. Possibility of caffeine addiction and its toxicity. Application of caffeine in pharmaceutics and cosmetology. Probl. Hig. Epidemiol. 2012, 93, 14–20. [Google Scholar]
- Bolesta, M.; Szostak-Węgierek, D. Nutrition during pregnancy. Part III. Stimulants and foodborne illnesses. Żyw. Człow. 2009, 36, 665–670. [Google Scholar]
- Wierzejska, R. Effects of maternal caffeine consumption on pregnancy outcomes. Perinatol. Neontol. Ginekol. 2012, 5, 110–113. [Google Scholar]
- Nasir, M.; Riaz, M. Caffeine and women’s fertile health. Int. J. Appl. Pharm. Biol. Res. 2016, 1, 79–85. [Google Scholar]
- Wiśniewska-Łowigus, M.; Drobik, P. The risks associated with the consumption of caffeine during pregnancy. Pielęg. Pol. 2013, 1, 28–33. [Google Scholar]
- EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products Nutrition and Allergies (NDA). Scientific opinion on the safety of caffeine. EFSA J. 2015, 13, 5. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Puri, K.S.; Suresh, K.R.; Gogtay, N.J.; Thatte, U.M. Declaration of Helsinki, 2008: Implications for stakeholders in research. J. Postgrad. Med. 2009, 55, 131–134. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Błaszczyk, E.; Piórecka, B.; Dudek, J.; Jagielski, P.; Schlegel-Zawadzka, M. An attempt to estimate caffeine consumption by middle school students from Przyborów. Bromat. Chem. Toksykol. 2014, 47, 284–289. [Google Scholar]
- Jeżewska-Zychowicz, M.; Gawęcki, J.; Wądołowska, L.; Czarnocińska, J.; Galiński, G.; Kołłajtis-Dołowy, A.; Roszkowski, W.; Wawrzyniak, A.; Przybyłowicz, K.; Krusińska, B.; et al. Beliefs and Eating Habits Questionnaire; Behavioral Conditions of Nutrition Team, Committee of Human Nutrition Science, Polish Academy of Science: Warszawa, Poland, 2014; pp. 3–20. Available online: http://www.knozc.pan.pl/ (accessed on 13 October 2017).
- Szymelfejnik, E.J.; Wądołowska, L.; Cichon, R.; Przysławski, J.; Bolesławska, I. Dairy products frequency questionnaire (ADOS-CA) calibration for calcium intake evaluation. Pol. J. Food Nutr. Sci. 2006, 15, 229–236. [Google Scholar]
- Jarosz, M.; Wierzejska, R.; Mojska, H.; Świderska, K.; Siuba, M. Caffeine content in foodstuffs. Bromat. Chem. Toksykol. 2009, 42, 776–781. [Google Scholar]
- Białas, M.; Łuczak, H.; Przygoński, K. The content of caffeine in some selected coffee beverage dry mixes. Bromat. Chem. Toksykol. 2009, 3, 426–430. [Google Scholar]
- Wierzbicka, E.; Gałkowska, K.; Brzozowska, A. The assessment of daily caffeine intake in a selected group of adult women. Probl. Hig. Epidemiol. 2010, 91, 564–571. [Google Scholar]
- Stefanidou, E.M.; Caramellino, L.; Patriarca, A.; Menato, G. Maternal caffeine consumption and sine causa recurrent miscarriage. Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. 2011, 158, 220–224. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Alomar, M.J. Evaluation of caffeine consumption and effect during pregnancy among women in the UAE. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. 2016, 8, 101–103. [Google Scholar]
- Jarosz, M.; Wierzejska, R.; Siuba, M. Maternal caffeine intake and its effect on pregnancy outcomes. Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. 2012, 160, 156–160. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zijp, I.M.; Korver, O.; Tijburg, L.B.M. Effect of tea and other dietary factors on iron absorption. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 2000, 40, 371–398. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kobiołka, A.; Goraus, M.; Mężyk, I. Effect of pregnancy in to change eating habits women of childbearing age. Zdr. Dobrostan 2015, 2, 187–205. [Google Scholar]
- Pieniążek, A.; Gałda, D.; Błajda, J.; Kołpa, M.; Barnaś, E. Chosen health behaviors in pregnant women from Podkarpacie. Pol. Prz. Nauk Zdr. 2017, 1, 49–57. [Google Scholar]
- Tsutsumi, K.; Kotegawa, T.; Matsuki, S.; Tanaka, Y.; Ishii, Y.; Kodama, Y.; Kuranari, M.; Miyakawa, I.; Nakano, S. The effect of pregnancy on cytochrome P4501A2, xanthine oxidase, and N-acetyltransferase activities in humans. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 2001, 70, 121–125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Okubo, H.; Miyake, Y.; Tanaka, K.; Sasaki, S.; Hirota, Y. Maternal total caffeine intake, mainly from Japanese and Chinese tea, during pregnancy was associated with risk of preterm birth: The Osaka Maternal and Child Health Study. Nutr. Res. 2015, 35, 309–316. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wierzejska, R.; Jarosz, M.; Siuba, M.; Sawicki, W. Comparison of maternal and fetal blood levels of caffeine and its metabolite. A pilot study. Pol. Gynaecol. 2014, 85, 500–503. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wikoff, D.; Welsh, B.T.; Henderson, R.; Brorby, G.P.; Britt, J.; Myers, E.; Goldberger, J.; Lieberman, H.R.; O’Brien, C.; Peck, J.; et al. Systematic review of the potential adverse effects of caffeine consumption in healthy adults, pregnant women, adolescents, and children. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2017, 109, 585–648. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hatch, E.E.; Wise, L.A.; Mikkelsen, E.M.; Christensen, T.; Riis, A.H.; Sørensen, H.T.; Rothman, K.J. Caffeinated Beverage and Soda Consumption and Time to Pregnancy. Epidemiol. 2012, 23, 393–401. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lassi, Z.S.; Imam, A.M.; Dean, S.V.; Bhutta, Z.A. Preconception care: Caffeine, smoking, alcohol, drugs and other environmental chemical/radiation exposure. Reprod. Health 2014, 11, S6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chen, L.W.; Wu, Y.; Neelakantan, N.; Chong, M.F.F.; Pan, A.; Van Dam, R.M. Maternal caffeine intake during pregnancy and risk of pregnancy loss: A categorical and dose–response meta-analysis of prospective studies. Public Health Nutr. 2016, 19, 1233–1244. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jahanfar, S.; Jaafar, S.H. Effects of restricted caffeine intake by mother on fetal, neonatal and pregnancy outcomes. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2015, 6, CD006965. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Li, D.K.; Ferber, J.R.; Odouli, R. Maternal caffeine intake during pregnancy and risk of obesity in offspring: A prospective cohort study. Int. J. Obes. 2015, 39, 658–664. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cendrowska-Pinkosz, M.; Dworzański, W.; Krauze, M.; Burdan, F. Changes of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in women during pregnancy taking caffeine. Pol. Merkur. Lek. 2017, 42, 38–41. [Google Scholar]
- Martinez, H. Fluid consumption by Mexican women during pregnancy and first semester of lactation. BioMed Res. Int. 2014, 2014. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Guelinckx, I.; Iglesia, I.; Bottin, J.H.; De Miguel-Etayo, P.; González-Gil, E.M.; Salas-Salvadó, J.; Kavouras, S.A.; Gandy, J.; Martinez, H.; Bardosono, S.; et al. Intake of water and beverages of children and adolescents in 13 countries. Eur. J. Nutr. 2015, 54, 45–55. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Source | Average Caffeine Content (mg) | Volume or Weight |
---|---|---|
ground coffee | 60 | 150 mL |
instant coffee | 66 | 150 mL |
black tea (bags) | 31 | 250 mL |
black tea (leaf) | 43 | 250 mL |
green tea (bags) | 34 | 250 mL |
green tea (leaf) | 41 | 250 mL |
cacao | 5 | 250 mL |
cola-like drinks | 25 | 250 mL |
energy drinks | 80 | 250 mL |
bitter chocolate | 67 | 100 g |
milk chocolate | 21 | 100 g |
Parameter | Total n = 140; (%) | Antenatal Classes n = 70; (%) | Gynecological Clinic n = 70; (%) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Education | ||||
primary | 0.7 | 0 | 1.4 | 0.0184 * |
vocational | 1.4 | 0 | 2.9 | |
secondary | 15 | 5.7 | 24.3 | |
higher | 82.9 | 94.3 | 71.4 | |
Financial status | ||||
unsatisfactory | 1.4 | 0 | 2.9 | 0.0409 * |
satisfactory | 15.7 | 11.4 | 20.0 | |
good | 62.1 | 61.4 | 62.9 | |
very good | 20.8 | 27.1 | 14.3 | |
Marital status | ||||
single | 12.9 | 10 | 15.7 | 0.3125 ** |
married | 87.1 | 90 | 84.3 | |
Place of residence | ||||
village | 17.4 | 17.1 | 27.1 | 0.1542 ** |
town | 82.86 | 82.9 | 72.9 | |
Accommodation | ||||
independent | 16.5 | 12.9 | 20 | 0.2054 ** |
with family | 82.1 | 84.3 | 80 | |
other | 1.4 | 2.8 | 0 | |
Professional status | ||||
unemployed | 5.7 | 4.3 | 10 | 0.4208 ** |
regular employment | 82.1 | 90 | 84.3 | |
contract | 7.1 | 5.7 | 5.7 |
Parameter | Total n = 140; (%) | Antenatal Classes n = 70; (%) | Gynecological Clinic n = 70; (%) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gravidity | ||||
1 | 71.4 | 85.7 | 58.6 | 0.0029 * |
2 | 23.6 | 12.9 | 32.9 | |
3 | 3.6 | 1.4 | 5.7 | |
4 | 0.7 | 0 | 1.4 | |
5 | 0.7 | 0 | 1.4 | |
Gestational month | ||||
4 | 4.3 | 1.43 | 5.7 | 0.0001 * |
5 | 5.0 | 5.71 | 7.1 | |
6 | 7.1 | 7.14 | 7.1 | |
7 | 18.6 | 31.43 | 5.7 | |
8 | 31.4 | 42.86 | 20.0 | |
9 | 33.6 | 11.43 | 54.3 | |
Children | ||||
no | 75 | 88.6 | 61.4 | 0.0002 ** |
yes | 25 | 11.4 | 38.6 | |
Folic acid—before pregnancy | ||||
no | 35.7 | 24.3 | 47.1 | 0.0048 ** |
yes | 64.3 | 75.7 | 52.9 | |
Folic acid—during pregnancy | ||||
no | 13.6 | 15.7 | 11.4 | 0.4591 ** |
yes | 86.4 | 84.3 | 88.6 | |
Smoking—during pregnancy | ||||
no | 98.6 | 100 | 97.1 | 0.1543 ** |
yes | 1.4 | 0 | 2.9 | |
Pre-pregnancy nutrition status on the basis of BMI | ||||
underweight | 10 | 10 | 10 | 0.2907 * |
norm | 75.7 | 81.4 | 70 | |
overweight | 11.4 | 7.2 | 15.7 | |
obesity | 2.9 | 1.4 | 4.3 |
Product | Total, n = 140 X ± SD | Antenatal Classes, n = 70 X ± SD | Gynecological Clinic, n = 70 X ± SD |
---|---|---|---|
ground coffee | 1.91 ± 1.56 | 1.80 ± 1.47 | 2.03 ± 1.64 |
instant coffee | 2.33 ± 1.75 | 2.11 ± 1.44 | 2.54 ± 2.00 |
black tea (bags) * | 4.09 ± 2.40 | 4.46 ± 2.34 | 3.71 ± 2.43 |
black tea (leaf) | 1.76 ± 1.43 | 1.77 ± 1.40 | 1.74 ± 1.47 |
green tea (bags) | 2.09 ± 1.6 | 2.09 ± 1.47 | 2.10 ± 1.74 |
green tea (leaf) | 1.91 ± 1.50 | 1.97 ± 1.52 | 1.86 ± 1.49 |
cola-like drinks | 2.04 ± 1.15 | 1.91 ± 1.11 | 2.16 ± 1.18 |
energy drinks | 1.10 ± 0.30 | 1.03 ± 0.17 | 1.17 ± 0.38 |
cacao | 2.23 ± 1.39 | 2.24 ± 1.27 | 2.21 ± 1.5 |
bitter chocolate | 1.96 ± 1.36 | 1.99 ± 1.36 | 1.94 ± 1.38 |
milk chocolate | 2.49 ± 1.48 | 0.44 ± 1.46 | 2.53 ± 1.50 |
© 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Błaszczyk-Bębenek, E.; Piórecka, B.; Kopytko, M.; Chadzińska, Z.; Jagielski, P.; Schlegel-Zawadzka, M. Evaluation of Caffeine Consumption among Pregnant Women from Southern Poland. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 2373. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112373
Błaszczyk-Bębenek E, Piórecka B, Kopytko M, Chadzińska Z, Jagielski P, Schlegel-Zawadzka M. Evaluation of Caffeine Consumption among Pregnant Women from Southern Poland. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(11):2373. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112373
Chicago/Turabian StyleBłaszczyk-Bębenek, Ewa, Beata Piórecka, Monika Kopytko, Zuzanna Chadzińska, Paweł Jagielski, and Małgorzata Schlegel-Zawadzka. 2018. "Evaluation of Caffeine Consumption among Pregnant Women from Southern Poland" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 11: 2373. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112373
APA StyleBłaszczyk-Bębenek, E., Piórecka, B., Kopytko, M., Chadzińska, Z., Jagielski, P., & Schlegel-Zawadzka, M. (2018). Evaluation of Caffeine Consumption among Pregnant Women from Southern Poland. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(11), 2373. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112373