Evaluation of Caffeine Consumption among Pregnant Women from Southern Poland
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Source | Average Caffeine Content (mg) | Volume or Weight |
---|---|---|
ground coffee | 60 | 150 mL |
instant coffee | 66 | 150 mL |
black tea (bags) | 31 | 250 mL |
black tea (leaf) | 43 | 250 mL |
green tea (bags) | 34 | 250 mL |
green tea (leaf) | 41 | 250 mL |
cacao | 5 | 250 mL |
cola-like drinks | 25 | 250 mL |
energy drinks | 80 | 250 mL |
bitter chocolate | 67 | 100 g |
milk chocolate | 21 | 100 g |
Parameter | Total n = 140; (%) | Antenatal Classes n = 70; (%) | Gynecological Clinic n = 70; (%) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Education | ||||
primary | 0.7 | 0 | 1.4 | 0.0184 * |
vocational | 1.4 | 0 | 2.9 | |
secondary | 15 | 5.7 | 24.3 | |
higher | 82.9 | 94.3 | 71.4 | |
Financial status | ||||
unsatisfactory | 1.4 | 0 | 2.9 | 0.0409 * |
satisfactory | 15.7 | 11.4 | 20.0 | |
good | 62.1 | 61.4 | 62.9 | |
very good | 20.8 | 27.1 | 14.3 | |
Marital status | ||||
single | 12.9 | 10 | 15.7 | 0.3125 ** |
married | 87.1 | 90 | 84.3 | |
Place of residence | ||||
village | 17.4 | 17.1 | 27.1 | 0.1542 ** |
town | 82.86 | 82.9 | 72.9 | |
Accommodation | ||||
independent | 16.5 | 12.9 | 20 | 0.2054 ** |
with family | 82.1 | 84.3 | 80 | |
other | 1.4 | 2.8 | 0 | |
Professional status | ||||
unemployed | 5.7 | 4.3 | 10 | 0.4208 ** |
regular employment | 82.1 | 90 | 84.3 | |
contract | 7.1 | 5.7 | 5.7 |
Parameter | Total n = 140; (%) | Antenatal Classes n = 70; (%) | Gynecological Clinic n = 70; (%) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gravidity | ||||
1 | 71.4 | 85.7 | 58.6 | 0.0029 * |
2 | 23.6 | 12.9 | 32.9 | |
3 | 3.6 | 1.4 | 5.7 | |
4 | 0.7 | 0 | 1.4 | |
5 | 0.7 | 0 | 1.4 | |
Gestational month | ||||
4 | 4.3 | 1.43 | 5.7 | 0.0001 * |
5 | 5.0 | 5.71 | 7.1 | |
6 | 7.1 | 7.14 | 7.1 | |
7 | 18.6 | 31.43 | 5.7 | |
8 | 31.4 | 42.86 | 20.0 | |
9 | 33.6 | 11.43 | 54.3 | |
Children | ||||
no | 75 | 88.6 | 61.4 | 0.0002 ** |
yes | 25 | 11.4 | 38.6 | |
Folic acid—before pregnancy | ||||
no | 35.7 | 24.3 | 47.1 | 0.0048 ** |
yes | 64.3 | 75.7 | 52.9 | |
Folic acid—during pregnancy | ||||
no | 13.6 | 15.7 | 11.4 | 0.4591 ** |
yes | 86.4 | 84.3 | 88.6 | |
Smoking—during pregnancy | ||||
no | 98.6 | 100 | 97.1 | 0.1543 ** |
yes | 1.4 | 0 | 2.9 | |
Pre-pregnancy nutrition status on the basis of BMI | ||||
underweight | 10 | 10 | 10 | 0.2907 * |
norm | 75.7 | 81.4 | 70 | |
overweight | 11.4 | 7.2 | 15.7 | |
obesity | 2.9 | 1.4 | 4.3 |
Product | Total, n = 140 X ± SD | Antenatal Classes, n = 70 X ± SD | Gynecological Clinic, n = 70 X ± SD |
---|---|---|---|
ground coffee | 1.91 ± 1.56 | 1.80 ± 1.47 | 2.03 ± 1.64 |
instant coffee | 2.33 ± 1.75 | 2.11 ± 1.44 | 2.54 ± 2.00 |
black tea (bags) * | 4.09 ± 2.40 | 4.46 ± 2.34 | 3.71 ± 2.43 |
black tea (leaf) | 1.76 ± 1.43 | 1.77 ± 1.40 | 1.74 ± 1.47 |
green tea (bags) | 2.09 ± 1.6 | 2.09 ± 1.47 | 2.10 ± 1.74 |
green tea (leaf) | 1.91 ± 1.50 | 1.97 ± 1.52 | 1.86 ± 1.49 |
cola-like drinks | 2.04 ± 1.15 | 1.91 ± 1.11 | 2.16 ± 1.18 |
energy drinks | 1.10 ± 0.30 | 1.03 ± 0.17 | 1.17 ± 0.38 |
cacao | 2.23 ± 1.39 | 2.24 ± 1.27 | 2.21 ± 1.5 |
bitter chocolate | 1.96 ± 1.36 | 1.99 ± 1.36 | 1.94 ± 1.38 |
milk chocolate | 2.49 ± 1.48 | 0.44 ± 1.46 | 2.53 ± 1.50 |
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Błaszczyk-Bębenek, E.; Piórecka, B.; Kopytko, M.; Chadzińska, Z.; Jagielski, P.; Schlegel-Zawadzka, M. Evaluation of Caffeine Consumption among Pregnant Women from Southern Poland. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 2373. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112373
Błaszczyk-Bębenek E, Piórecka B, Kopytko M, Chadzińska Z, Jagielski P, Schlegel-Zawadzka M. Evaluation of Caffeine Consumption among Pregnant Women from Southern Poland. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(11):2373. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112373
Chicago/Turabian StyleBłaszczyk-Bębenek, Ewa, Beata Piórecka, Monika Kopytko, Zuzanna Chadzińska, Paweł Jagielski, and Małgorzata Schlegel-Zawadzka. 2018. "Evaluation of Caffeine Consumption among Pregnant Women from Southern Poland" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 11: 2373. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112373