Association between Smoking Behavior Patterns and Glycated Hemoglobin Levels in a General Population
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Variables
2.3. Statistical Analysis
2.4. Ethical Statement
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | N/Mean | %/SD | HbA1c | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | p-Value | |||
Smoking Behavior | <0.0001 | ||||
Dual smokers | 142 | 1.61 | 5.48 | ±0.34 | |
Single smokers | 1359 | 15.43 | 5.50 | ±0.27 | |
Ex-smoker | 1654 | 18.78 | 5.51 | ±0.27 | |
Non-smoker | 5654 | 64.18 | 5.47 | ±0.27 | |
Sex | 0.7098 | ||||
Men | 3523 | 39.99 | 5.50 | ±0.27 | |
Women | 5286 | 60.01 | 5.48 | ±0.27 | |
Age (years) | <0.0001 | ||||
20–30 | 1176 | 13.35 | 5.26 | ±0.21 | |
30–39 | 1930 | 21.91 | 5.37 | ±0.23 | |
40–49 | 1772 | 20.12 | 5.44 | ±0.23 | |
50–59 | 1692 | 19.21 | 5.57 | ±0.23 | |
60–69 | 1314 | 14.92 | 5.65 | ±0.24 | |
≥70 | 925 | 10.50 | 5.70 | ±0.24 | |
Household Income | 0.057 | ||||
Low | 2821 | 32.02 | 5.45 | ±0.26 | |
Mid-low | 2641 | 29.98 | 5.46 | ±0.26 | |
Mid-high | 2122 | 24.09 | 5.50 | ±0.27 | |
High | 1225 | 13.91 | 5.59 | ±0.28 | |
Occupational Categories | 0.0913 | ||||
White collar worker | 2371 | 26.92 | 5.41 | ±0.25 | |
Pink collar worker | 1154 | 13.10 | 5.47 | ±0.26 | |
Blue collar worker | 1901 | 21.58 | 5.55 | ±0.26 | |
Unemployed | 3383 | 38.40 | 5.50 | ±0.28 | |
Educational Level | 0.0703 | ||||
High school | 4455 | 50.57 | 5.56 | ±0.26 | |
University or College | 3831 | 43.49 | 5.40 | ±0.25 | |
Graduated school | 523 | 5.94 | 5.42 | ±0.26 | |
BMI | <0.0001 | ||||
Normal/underweight (<23) | 4094 | 46.48 | 5.41 | ±0.25 | |
Overweight (23–24.9) | 2017 | 22.90 | 5.50 | ±0.25 | |
Obesity (≥25) | 2698 | 30.63 | 5.59 | ±0.27 | |
Physical Activity | 0.1061 | ||||
Yes | 4495 | 51.03 | 5.46 | ±0.27 | |
No | 4314 | 48.97 | 5.51 | ±0.27 | |
Pack Year of Cigarette Smoking | <0.0001 | ||||
Very heavy | 173 | 1.96 | 5.66 | ±0.28 | |
Heavy | 188 | 2.13 | 5.65 | ±0.26 | |
Medium | 474 | 5.38 | 5.63 | ±0.26 | |
Light | 2248 | 25.52 | 5.46 | ±0.26 | |
None | 5726 | 65.00 | 5.47 | ±0.27 | |
Alcoholic Behavior | <0.0001 | ||||
less than 1 time for a month | 3974 | 45.11 | 5.53 | ±0.27 | |
1–4 times for a month | 3008 | 34.15 | 5.44 | ±0.26 | |
2 times or above for a week | 1827 | 20.74 | 5.46 | ±0.27 | |
Family History of Diabetes | <0.0001 | ||||
Present | 1986 | 22.55 | 5.52 | ±0.27 | |
Absent | 6823 | 77.45 | 5.47 | ±0.27 | |
Year | <0.0001 | ||||
2014 | 2684 | 30.47 | 5.53 | ±0.27 | |
2015 | 2870 | 32.58 | 5.47 | ±0.27 | |
2016 | 3255 | 36.95 | 5.45 | ±0.27 | |
Caloric Intake † | 2054.72 | ±940.62 | |||
Total | 8809 | 100.00 | 5.48 | ±0.27 |
Variables | HbA1c | ||
---|---|---|---|
β | SE | p-Value | |
Smoking Behavior | |||
Dual smokers | 0.1116 | 0.0343 | 0.0012 |
Single smokers | 0.0752 | 0.0245 | 0.0022 |
Ex-smoker | 0.0261 | 0.0234 | 0.2647 |
Non-smoker | Ref | - | - |
Sex | |||
Men | −0.0184 | 0.0072 | 0.0114 |
Women | Ref | - | - |
Age (years) | |||
20–30 | Ref | - | - |
30–39 | 0.0856 | 0.0079 | <0.0001 |
40–49 | 0.1538 | 0.0082 | <0.0001 |
50–59 | 0.2648 | 0.0091 | <0.0001 |
60–69 | 0.3477 | 0.0100 | <0.0001 |
≥70 | 0.4147 | 0.0122 | <0.0001 |
Household Income | |||
Low | Ref | - | - |
Mid-low | 0.0062 | 0.0088 | 0.4848 |
Mid-high | 0.0090 | 0.0089 | 0.3126 |
High | 0.0093 | 0.0091 | 0.3096 |
Occupational Categories | |||
White collar worker | −0.0019 | 0.0061 | 0.7514 |
Pink collar worker | 0.0086 | 0.0074 | 0.2426 |
Blue collar worker | 0.0089 | 0.0069 | 0.1998 |
Unemployed | Ref | - | - |
Educational Level | |||
High school | 0.0218 | 0.0104 | 0.0361 |
University or College | 0.0217 | 0.0095 | 0.0221 |
Graduated school | Ref | - | - |
BMI | |||
Normal or underweight (<23) | Ref | - | - |
Overweight (23–24.9) | 0.0547 | 0.0058 | <0.0001 |
Obesity (≥25) | 0.1457 | 0.0055 | <0.0001 |
Physical Activity | |||
Yes | Ref | - | - |
No | 0.0121 | 0.0045 | 0.0079 |
Pack Year of Cigarette Smoking | |||
Very heavy | −0.0061 | 0.0315 | 0.8478 |
Heavy | 0.0223 | 0.0294 | 0.4471 |
Medium | 0.0447 | 0.0260 | 0.0861 |
Light | −0.0163 | 0.0235 | 0.4886 |
None | Ref | - | - |
Alcoholic Behavior | |||
less than 1 time for a month | Ref | - | - |
1–4 times for a month | −0.0282 | 0.0056 | <0.0001 |
2 times or above for a week | −0.0628 | 0.0069 | <0.0001 |
Family History of Diabetes | |||
Present | 0.0530 | 0.0056 | <0.0001 |
Absent | Ref | - | - |
Year | |||
2014 | 0.0822 | 0.0062 | <0.0001 |
2015 | 0.0078 | 0.0063 | 0.2141 |
2016 | Ref | - | - |
Caloric intake | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.4240 |
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Choi, D.-W.; Jeon, J.; Lee, S.A.; Han, K.-T.; Park, E.-C.; Jang, S.-I. Association between Smoking Behavior Patterns and Glycated Hemoglobin Levels in a General Population. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 2260. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102260
Choi D-W, Jeon J, Lee SA, Han K-T, Park E-C, Jang S-I. Association between Smoking Behavior Patterns and Glycated Hemoglobin Levels in a General Population. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(10):2260. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102260
Chicago/Turabian StyleChoi, Dong-Woo, Jooeun Jeon, Sang Ah Lee, Kyu-Tae Han, Eun-Cheol Park, and Sung-In Jang. 2018. "Association between Smoking Behavior Patterns and Glycated Hemoglobin Levels in a General Population" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 10: 2260. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102260
APA StyleChoi, D.-W., Jeon, J., Lee, S. A., Han, K.-T., Park, E.-C., & Jang, S.-I. (2018). Association between Smoking Behavior Patterns and Glycated Hemoglobin Levels in a General Population. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(10), 2260. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102260