New Challenges: Developing Gendered and Equitable Responses to Involuntary Exposures to Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS) and Cannabis Vaping
Abstract
1. Background
2. Health Effects of Involuntary Exposure to Vaping
3. Vaping in Smoke-Free Spaces
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Health Canada. Canadian Tobacco Alcohol and Drugs (CTADS): 2015; Health Canada: Ottawa, ON, Canada, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction. Canadian Drug Summary: Cannabis; CCSA: Ottawa, ON, Canada, 2018. [Google Scholar]
- Frazer, K.; Callinan, J.E.; McHugh, J.; van Baarsel, S.; Clarke, A.; Doherty, K.; Kelleher, C. Legislative smoking bans for reducing harms from secondhand smoke exposure, smoking prevalence and tobacco consumption. Cochrane Libr. 2016. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Been, J.V.; Nurmatov, U.B.; Cox, B.; Nawrot, T.S.; Van Schayck, C.P.; Sheikh, A. Effect of smoke-free legislation on perinatal and child health: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 2014, 383, 1549–1560. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Greaves, L.J.; Hemsing, N.J. Sex, gender, and secondhand smoke policies: Implications for disadvantaged women. Am. J. Prev. Med. 2009, 37, S131–S137. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Greaves, L. Can tobacco control be transformative? Reducing gender inequity and tobacco use among vulnerable populations. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2014, 11, 792–803. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Amos, A.; Greaves, L.; Nichter, M.; Bloch, M. Women and tobacco: A call for including gender in tobacco control research, policy and practice. Tobacco Control 2011. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fischer, F.; Kraemer, A. Meta-analysis of the association between second-hand smoke exposure and ischaemic heart diseases, COPD and stroke. BMC Public Health 2015, 15, 1202. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bonevski, B.; Paul, C.; Jones, A.; Bisquera, A.; Regan, T. Smoky homes: Gender, socioeconomic and housing disparities in second hand tobacco smoke (SHS) exposure in a large population-based Australian cohort. Prev. Med. 2014, 60, 95–101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tsai, Y.-W.; Chang, L.-C.; Sung, H.-Y.; Hu, T.-W.; Chiou, S.-T. The impact of smoke-free legislation on reducing exposure to secondhand smoke: Differences across gender and socioeconomic groups. Tobacco Control 2013. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Holitzki, H.; Dowsett, L.E.; Spackman, E.; Noseworthy, T.; Clement, F. Health effects of exposure to second-and third-hand marijuana smoke: A systematic review. CMAJ Open 2017, 5, E814. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wang, X.; Derakhshandeh, R.; Liu, J.; Narayan, S.; Nabavizadeh, P.; Le, S.; Danforth, O.M.; Pinnamaneni, K.; Rodriguez, H.J.; Luu, E. One minute of marijuana secondhand smoke exposure substantially impairs vascular endothelial function. J. Am. Heart Assoc. 2016, 5, e003858. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- McKee, G.; McClure, S.; Fyfe, M.; Stanwick, R. Protecting the public from exposure to secondhand cannabis smoke and vapour following legalization. Can. J. Public Health 2018, 109, 223–226. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- El Dib, R.; Suzumura, E.A.; Akl, E.A.; Gomaa, H.; Agarwal, A.; Chang, Y.; Prasad, M.; Ashoorion, V.; Heels-Ansdell, D.; Maziak, W. Electronic nicotine delivery systems and/or electronic non-nicotine delivery systems for tobacco smoking cessation or reduction: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open 2017, 7, e012680. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fischer, B.; Russell, C.; Sabioni, P.; van den Brink, W.; Le Foll, B.; Hall, W.; Rehm, J.; Room, R. Lower-risk cannabis use guidelines: A comprehensive update of evidence and recommendations. Am. J. Public Health 2017, 107, e1–e12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Russell, C.; Rueda, S.; Room, R.; Tyndall, M.; Fischer, B. Routes of administration for cannabis use–basic prevalence and related health outcomes: A scoping review and synthesis. Int. J. Drug Policy 2018, 52, 87–96. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ramôa, C.P.; Hiler, M.M.; Spindle, T.R.; Lopez, A.A.; Karaoghlanian, N.; Lipato, T.; Breland, A.B.; Shihadeh, A.; Eissenberg, T. Electronic cigarette nicotine delivery can exceed that of combustible cigarettes: A preliminary report. Tobacco Control 2016, 25, e6–e9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hess, I.; Lachireddy, K.; Capon, A. A systematic review of the health risks from passive exposure to electronic cigarette vapour. Public Health Res. Pract. 2016, 26, e2621617. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ballbè, M.; Martínez-Sánchez, J.M.; Sureda, X.; Fu, M.; Pérez-Ortuño, R.; Pascual, J.A.; Saltó, E.; Fernández, E. Cigarettes vs. E-cigarettes: Passive exposure at home measured by means of airborne marker and biomarkers. Environ. Res. 2014, 135, 76–80. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Schober, W.; Szendrei, K.; Matzen, W.; Osiander-Fuchs, H.; Heitmann, D.; Schettgen, T.; Jörres, R.A.; Fromme, H. Use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) impairs indoor air quality and increases feno levels of e-cigarette consumers. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 2014, 217, 628–637. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tzortzi, A.; Teloniatis, S.I.; Matiampa, G.; Bakelas, G.; Vyzikidou, V.K.; Vardavas, C.; Behrakis, P.K.; Fernandez, E. Passive exposure to e-cigarette emissions: Immediate respiratory effects. Tobacco Prev. Cessation 2018, 4, 18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Budney, A.J.; Sargent, J.D.; Lee, D.C. Vaping cannabis (marijuana): Parallel concerns to e-cigs? Addiction 2015, 110, 1699–1704. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gould, G.S.; Zeev, Y.B.; Tywman, L.; Oldmeadow, C.; Chiu, S.; Clarke, M.; Bonevski, B. Do clinicians ask pregnant women about exposures to tobacco and cannabis smoking, second-hand-smoke and e-cigarettes? An Australian national cross-sectional survey. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 1585. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bat Will Be First to Launch HNB Product. Tobacco Journal International. 1 August 2018. Available online: http://www.tobaccojournal.com/BAT_will_be_first_to_launch_HNB_product.54893.0.html (accessed on 31 July 2018).
- Auer, R.; Concha-Lozano, N.; Jacot-Sadowski, I.; Cornuz, J.; Berthet, A. Heat-not-burn tobacco cigarettes: Smoke by any other name. JAMA Intern. Med. 2017, 177, 1050–1052. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Morean, M.E.; Krishnan-Sarin, S.; O’Malley, S.S. Assessing nicotine dependence in adolescent e-cigarette users: The 4-item patient-reported outcomes measurement information system (PROMIS) nicotine dependence item bank for electronic cigarettes. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2018, 188, 60–63. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Callahan-Lyon, P. Electronic cigarettes: Human health effects. Tobacco Control 2014, 23, ii36–ii40. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Shields, P.G.; Berman, M.; Brasky, T.M.; Freudenheim, J.L.; Mathe, E.A.; McElroy, J.; Song, M.-A.; Wewers, M.D. A review of pulmonary toxicity of electronic cigarettes in the context of smoking: A focus on inflammation. Cancer Epidemiol. Prev. Biomark. 2017, 26, 1175–1191. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- El-Hellani, A.; El-Hage, R.; Baalbaki, R.; Salman, R.; Talih, S.; Shihadeh, A.; Saliba, N.A. Free-base and protonated nicotine in electronic cigarette liquids and aerosols. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 2015, 28, 1532–1537. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Melstrom, P.; Sosnoff, C.; Koszowski, B.; King, B.A.; Bunnell, R.; Le, G.; Wang, L.; Thanner, M.H.; Kenemer, B.; Cox, S.; et al. Systemic absorption of nicotine following acute secondhand exposure to electronic cigarette aerosol in a realistic social setting. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 2018, 221, 816–822. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yingst, J.M.; Lester, C.; Veldheer, S.; Allen, S.I.; Du, P.; Foulds, J. E-cigarette users commonly stealth vape in places where e-cigarette use is prohibited. Tobacco Control 2018. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Shi, Y.; Cummins, S.E.; Zhu, S.-H. Use of electronic cigarettes in smoke-free environments. Tobacco Control 2016. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lau, N.; Sales, P.; Averill, S.; Murphy, F.; Sato, S.-O.; Murphy, S. Responsible and controlled use: Older cannabis users and harm reduction. Int. J. Drug Policy 2015, 26, 709–718. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Shiplo, S.; Czoli, C.D.; Hammond, D. E-cigarette use in Canada: Prevalence and patterns of use in a regulated market. BMJ Open 2015, 5, e007971. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lynskey, M.T.; Hindocha, C.; Freeman, T.P. Legal regulated markets have the potential to reduce population levels of harm associated with cannabis use. Addiction 2016, 111, 2091–2092. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Glantz, S.A.; Halpern-Felsher, B.; Springer, M.L. Marijuana, secondhand smoke, and social acceptability. JAMA Intern. Med. 2018, 178, 13–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- The Health Officers Council of British Columbia. Cannabis Policy and Regulation to Protect and Promote Health and Safety; The Health Officers Council of British Columbia: Victoria, BC, Canada, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Hemsing, N.; Greaves, L.; Poole, N.; Bottorff, J. Reshuffling and relocating: The gendered and income-related differential effects of restricting smoking locations. J. Environ. Public Health 2012, 2012, 907832. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Filippidis, F.T.; Agaku, I.T.; Girvalaki, C.; Jiménez-Ruiz, C.; Ward, B.; Gratziou, C.; Vardavas, C.I.; Tobacco Control Committee of the European Respiratory Society. Relationship of secondhand smoke exposure with sociodemographic factors and smoke-free legislation in the European union. Eur. J. Public Health 2015, 26, 344–349. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Homa, D.M.; Neff, L.J.; King, B.A.; Caraballo, R.S.; Bunnell, R.E.; Babb, S.D.; Garrett, B.E.; Sosnoff, C.S.; Wang, L. Vital signs: Disparities in nonsmokers’ exposure to secondhand smoke—United States, 1999–2012. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep. 2015, 64, 103–108. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
© 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Hemsing, N.; Greaves, L. New Challenges: Developing Gendered and Equitable Responses to Involuntary Exposures to Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS) and Cannabis Vaping. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 2097. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102097
Hemsing N, Greaves L. New Challenges: Developing Gendered and Equitable Responses to Involuntary Exposures to Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS) and Cannabis Vaping. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(10):2097. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102097
Chicago/Turabian StyleHemsing, Natalie, and Lorraine Greaves. 2018. "New Challenges: Developing Gendered and Equitable Responses to Involuntary Exposures to Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS) and Cannabis Vaping" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 10: 2097. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102097
APA StyleHemsing, N., & Greaves, L. (2018). New Challenges: Developing Gendered and Equitable Responses to Involuntary Exposures to Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS) and Cannabis Vaping. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(10), 2097. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102097