Curcumin, Cardiometabolic Health and Dementia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Curcumin
2.1. Curcumin Safety
2.2. Curcumin Bioavailability
3. Effects of Curcumin on Cardiometabolic Health
3.1. Anti-Oxidative Effects
3.1.1. Human Studies
3.1.2. Several Possible Mechanisms of Curcumin Anti-Oxidant Activity Have Been Proposed [82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93]
3.2. Anti-Inflammatory Effects
Curcumin and Inflammatory Pathways
3.3. Glucose Homeostasis
Potential Mechanisms of Curcumin
3.4. Lipid Homeostasis
Potential Mechanisms of Actions of Curcumin on Lipids
3.5. Weight Control
Potential Mechanisms
3.6. Gut Microbiome Changes
3.7. Endothelial Function
3.8. Neurodegenerative Diseases
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Dose | Design | Subjects | Period | Effects | No Effects | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 g/day of curcuminoids (curcumin C3 Complex® Sami Labs LTD, Bangalore, Karnataka, India) combined with 10 mg/day of piperine | randomised double-blind, placebo-controlled | 100 subjects with T2DM aged 18–65 years | 12 weeks | ↓ body weight, ↓ BMI, ↓ TC, ↓ Lp(a), ↑ HDL-C compared with the placebo | TG, LDL-C compared with the placebo | Panahi et al. 2017 [45] |
800 mg × 2/day of curcumin-based product (enteric-coated and containing 800 mg/dose/die of 95% curcumin complexed with 20% phosphatidylserine and blended with 8 mg/dose/die of piperine) + lifestyle intervention, or 400 mg × 2 day of phosphatidylserine + lifestyle intervention | randomised parallel | 44 overweight subjects with metabolic syndrome (mean BMI 25–29.9 kg/m2; mean age 39.1 ± 16.8 years) | 4 weeks | ↓ body weight, ↓ body fat, ↓ waistline, ↓ BMI compared with the phosphatidylserine group | Di Pierro et al. 2015 [46] | |
80 mg/day of nano- micelle curcumin (SinaCurcumin® Exir Nano Sina Co., Tehran, Tehran province, Iran) | randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled | 70 subjects with T2DM aged over 18 years | 3 months | ↓ HbA1C, ↓ fasting blood glucose, ↓ BMI compared with the placebo | TC, LDL-C, HDL-C compared with the placebo | Rahimi et al. 2016 [57] |
400 mg /day of Longvida® (containing ~ 80 mg curcumin in a solid lipid formulation) | randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel | 60 elderly subjects (mean age: 68.5 years) | 4 weeks | ↓ TC, ↓ LDL-C, ↑ memory, ↑ mood compared with the placebo | Cox et al. 2015 [68] | |
80 mg/day of lipidated curcumin (Longvida®) | 38 healthy middle-aged subjects (40–60 years old) | 4 weeks | TC, LDL, HDL-C, CRP, TG, salivary amylase, salivary radical scavenging capacities, catalase, beta amyloid protein, sICAM, myeloperoxidase, nitric oxide, ALT | Disilvestro et al. 2012 [79] | ||
500 mg/day of curcumin | open uncontrolled | 14 subjects with T2DM | 15 days | fasting glucose, insulin, C-peptide, TG, TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, ALT, AST, BUN | Yang et al. 2015 [80] | |
2.8 g/day of turmeric (~112 mg/day of curcumin) | randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover | 62 overweight/obese women aged over 40–75 years [mean (BMI) ≥ 34.5 ± 0.8 kg/m2] with CRP = 8.05 ± 1.33 mg/L | 4 weeks | F2-iso-prostanes, oxidised LDL-C, CRP, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNFα, IFNγ, IL-1β, IL-12p70, glucose, body weight, percent body fat, SBP, augmentation index | Nieman et al. 2012 [81] | |
1 g/day of curcuminoids (500 mg C3Complex® + 5 mg bioperine®) | randomised double-blind placebo-controlled crossover | 30 subjects aged 18–65 years who were not taking lipid-lowering agent, as well as who had any conditions including BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 or 2 risk factors (except for T2DM) for CHD or ≥ 2 risk factors (except for T2DM) for CHD and 130 mg/dL < LDL-C <160 mg/dL | 30 days | ↓ TG compared with the placebo | LDL-C, HDL-C, CRP. body weight, BMI, waist circumference, arm circumference, fat percentage | Mohammadi et al. 2013 [100] |
300 mg/day of curcumin (NCB-02) | randomised, placebo-controlled, parallel | 67 subjects with T2DM aged 21–80 years | 8 weeks | fasting glucose, HbA1c, TC, LDL-C, HDL-C and TG endothelial function, MDA, ET-1, IL-6, TNF-α | Usharani et al. 2008 [108] | |
1 g/day of curcuminoids (500 mg C3Complex® + 5 mg bioperine®) | randomised, double-blind, crossover | 30 obese subjects with BMI ≥ 30 | 4 weeks | ↓ IL-4, ↓ IL-1 β, ↓ VEGF compared with the placebo | IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IFN γ, EGF, MCP-1 | Ganjali et al. 2014 [111] |
1 g/day of curcumin | 117 subjects with metabolic syndrome | 8 weeks | ↓ TNF-α, ↓ IL-6, ↓ TGF-β, ↓MCP-1 compared with placebo | Panahi et al. 2016 [112] | ||
500 mg/day of an amorphous dispersion curcumin formulation (comprising 70-mg curcuminoids) | randomised double-blind, placebo-controlled | 77 subjects with NAFLD (mean age 46.37 ± 11.57 years; mean BMI 31.35 ± 5.67 kg/m2) | 8 weeks | ↓ glucose, ↓ HbA1c, ↓ TC, ↓ LDL, ↓ TG, ↓ liver fat, ↓ BMI, ↓ AST, ↓ ALT compared with the placebo | Rahmani et al. 2016 [134] | |
300 mg/day of curcuminoids | randomised double-blind, placebo-controlled | 100 overweight/obese subjects with T2DM (average age: 54.72 ± 8.34 years; BMI ≥ 24.0 | 12 weeks | ↓ fasting glucose, ↓ HbA1c, ↓ HOMA-IR, ↓ FFAs, ↓ TG, ↑ LPL compared with a placebo | TC, LDL- C, HDL- C, Apo A-I or Apo B, body weight, waist and hip circumferences | Na et al. 2013 [135] |
1.5 g/day of curcuminoid | randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled | 237 prediabetic subjects | 3, 6, 9 months | ↓ HbA1c, ↓ fasting glucose, ↓ OGTT at 3, 6, and 9 months, ↓ diagnosis of T2DM, ↑ HOMA-β at 6 & 9 months, ↑ adiponectin at 9 months, ↓ C-peptide at 9 months, ↓ insulin at 9 months, ↓ body weight at 9 months compared with the placebo | AST, ALT, creatinine, bone mineral density, waist circumference | Chuengsamarn et al. 2012 [136] |
1 g/day of phospholipidated curcumin (n = 40) equivalent to 200 mg/day of pure curcumin, or 1 g/day of unformulated curcumin (n = 40), or placebo (n = 40) | Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled | 120 subjects with metabolic syndrome aged 18–65 years | 6 weeks | ↑ adiponectin in the unformulated curcumin group compared with the curcumin-phospholipid complex group or the placebo group | BMI, body weight, waist circumference, fasting blood glucose, fat (%) compared with a curcumin-phospholipid complex group or a placebo group | Salahshooh et al. 2017 [138] |
750 mg/day of curcuminoid | randomised double-blind, placebo-controlled | subjects with T2DM (mean age 59 ± 10.6 years; n = 107 | 6 months | ↑ adiponectin, ↓ leptin, ↓ PWV, ↓ HOMA-IR, ↓ TG, ↓ uric acid, ↓ visceral fat, ↓ total body fat compared with the placebo | Chuengsamarn et al. 2014 [139] | |
2.8 g/day of turmeric | randomised crossover | 11 healthy subjects aged 21–38 years | 4 weeks | fasting glucose, TC, TG | Tang et al. 2008 [140] | |
6 g of curcuma C. longa (turmeric) | crossover, acute | 14 healthy subjects (mean age: 29 ± 1 years, BMI: 23.9 ± 2.7 kg/m2) | ↑ insulin responses compared with the placebo | postprandial glucose responses | Wickenberg et al. 2010 [141] | |
500 and 750 mg/day of curcumin | randomised, single-blind, placebo-controlled | nondiabetic obese subjects | 12 weeks | BDNF, body weight, BMI, fat, glucose, TC, LDL, TG, HDL-C, VLDL, uric acid, oxLDL, protein carbonyls | Franco-Robles et al. 2014 [142] | |
1890 mg/day of curcumin extract | randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled | 33 subjects aged over 40–60 years with metabolic syndrome (mean BMI: 30.06 ± 4.12 kg/m2) | 12 weeks | ↓ LDL-C compared with the placebo | weight, BMI, fasting glucose, HbA1C, TG, TC, VLDL, HDL-C, Non-HDL-C and T-Chol/HDL-C ratio | Yang et al. 2014 [143] |
2 g/day of curcumin (Longvida®) | double-blind, parallel, randomised | 39 healthy middle-aged and older adults (45–74 years) | 12 weeks | Nil compared with placebo | adiponectin, leptin, insulin, HOMA-IR, oxidised LDL-C, total antioxidant status, GPx, IL-6, TNF-α, cortisol, ET-1 FMD resistance artery endothelial function (FBFACh) | Santos-Parker et al. 2017 [144] |
45–180 mg/day of curcumin | randomised double-blind controlled | 75 subjects with acute coronary syndrome | 1 year | TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, TG, fasting glucose, 2-hour glucose | Alwi et al. 2008 [145] | |
1000 mg/day of curcumin + dietary and lifestyle intervention | Randomised, placebo-controlled | 87 subjects with NAFLD | 8 weeks | ↓ TC, ↓ non–HDL-C, ↓ LDL-C, ↓ TG ↓ uric acid compared with the placebo. | HbA1c, fasting glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, HOMA-β, quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) compared with the placebo. insulin, HOMA-IR, HOMA-β. QUICKI within the group. | Panahi et al. 2016 [146] |
4 g/day or 1 g/day of curcumin | randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled | 36 elderly subjects (mean age: 73.4 ± 8.8 years) | over 1 month or 6 months | TG, LDL-C, HDL-C | Baum et al. 2007 [160] | |
200 mg/day of curcumin (Meriva ®, Indena SpA, Viale Ortles, Milan, Italy) + 2 g/day of phytosterols (n = 17), or 200 mg/day of curcumin (n = 18), or 2 g/day of phytosterols (n = 17), or placebo (n = 18) | double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, 2 × 2 factorial trial | 70 hypercholesterolemia subjects (mean fasting TC: 6.57 ± 0.13 mM/L) aged 18–70 years | 4 weeks | ↓ TC, ↓LDL-C and↓ TC: HDL-C within phytosterol group and within curcumin plus phytosterol group. No change with curcumin alone | Ferguson et al. 2018 [161] | |
1000 mg/day of curcuminoids and piperine (bioperine®) (100: 1 ratio combination) | randomised double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel | 117 subjects with metabolic syndrome (aged 25–75 years) | 8 weeks | ↓ LDL-C, ↓non-HDL-C, ↓ TC, ↓ TG, ↓ Lp(a), ↑ HDL-C compared with the placebo | sdLDL | Panahi et al. 2014 [163] |
1 g/day of curcuminoids (500 mg C3Complex® + 5 mg bioperine® Sami Labs LTD, Bangalore, Karnataka, India) | randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover | 30 obese subjects (mean BMI 33.95 ± 3.81) | 30 days | BMI and weight compared with the placebo | Esmaily et al. 2015 [186] | |
50 mg/day of curcumin (250 mgCurcuWIN) or 200 mg/day of curcumin (1000 mg CurcuWIN) | randomised controlled double-blind, parallel | 59 healthy subjects aged 19–29 years | 8 weeks | 200 mg/ day of curcumin: ↑ endothelial function compared with placebo | Oliver et al. 2016 [237] |
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Kim, Y.; Clifton, P. Curcumin, Cardiometabolic Health and Dementia. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 2093. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102093
Kim Y, Clifton P. Curcumin, Cardiometabolic Health and Dementia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(10):2093. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102093
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Yoona, and Peter Clifton. 2018. "Curcumin, Cardiometabolic Health and Dementia" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 10: 2093. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102093