Occurrence, Distribution, and Risk Assessment of Perfluoroalkyl Acids (PFAAs) in Muscle and Liver of Cattle in Xinjiang, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sampling
2.2. Chemicals and Standards
2.3. Sample Preparation
2.4. Instrumental Conditions for HPLC-MS/MS
2.5. Quantification and Quality Control
2.6. Daily Intake Estimation and Risk Assessment
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. PFAA Concentrations across Beef Muscle and Beef Liver in Xinjiang
3.2. Regional Differences of PFAAs in Xinjiang
3.3. Comparison with Recent Studies of PFAAs in Animal Samples
3.4. Source Analysis of PFAAs in Cattle of Xinjiang
3.5. Dietary Intake and Health Risk Assessment in Xinjiang
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Analytes | Muscle (n = 176) | Liver (n = 117) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Min. | Max. | Mean ± SE | Median | DF. (%) | Min. | Max. | Mean ± SE | Median | DF. (%) | |
PFBA | ND | ND | 0.511 | 0.032 ± 0.00067 | 21 | |||||
PFBS | ND | ND | 0.320 | 0.020 ± 0.00061 | 19 | |||||
PFPeA | ND | ND | 0.734 | 0.003 ± 0.00001 | 3 | |||||
PFHxA | ND | ND | 0.253 | 0.016 ± 0.00021 | 12 | |||||
PFHxS | ND | ND | ||||||||
PFHpA | ND | 0.061 | 0.004 ± 0.00001 | 17 | ND | 0.803 | 0.056 ± 0.00172 | 39 | ||
PFOA | ND | 0.103 | 0.011 ± 0.00007 | 24 | ND | 1.532 | 0.264 ± 0.00896 | 0.221 | 75 | |
PFOS | ND | 0.082 | 0.008 ± 0.00003 | 30 | ND | 4.221 | 0.617 ± 0.05131 | 0.439 | 82 | |
PFNA | ND | ND | 1.243 | 0.184 ± 0.00691 | 0.056 | 56 | ||||
PFDA | ND | ND | 0.847 | 0.106 ± 0.00326 | 0.061 | 58 | ||||
PFUdA | ND | 0.066 | 0.003 ± 0.00002 | 8 | ND | 2.523 | 0.277 ± 0.02267 | 0.181 | 73 | |
PFDoA | ND | ND | 0.266 | 0.007 ± 0.00016 | 9 | |||||
PFTrDA | ND | ND | 0.532 | 0.036 ± 0.00112 | 21 | |||||
∑PFAAs | 0.026 | 47 | 1.632 | 94 |
Group | DCmuscle/liver (g/day) | ADI (ng/kg bw/day) | HR/103 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PFOA | PFOS | PFOA | PFOS | |||
Region | North | 75.0 (1.9) a | 0.034 | 0.039 | 0.023 | 0.257 |
South | 63.0 (1.6) | 0.016 | 0.025 | 0.011 | 0.165 | |
East b | 75.0 (1.9) | 0.013 | 0.019 | 0.008 | 0.127 | |
Urban/rural | Urban | 90.0 (2.3) | 0.026 | 0.035 | 0.018 | 0.234 |
Rural | 62.0 (1.6) | 0.018 | 0.024 | 0.012 | 0.161 | |
Gender | Male | 71.0 (1.8) | 0.021 | 0.028 | 0.014 | 0.185 |
Female | 64.0 (1.6) | 0.019 | 0.025 | 0.013 | 0.167 | |
Ethnicity | Han Chinese | 69.0 (1.7) | 0.020 | 0.027 | 0.014 | 0.179 |
Uighur | 66.0 (1.7) | 0.019 | 0.026 | 0.013 | 0.172 | |
Others | 70.0 (1.8) | 0.021 | 0.027 | 0.014 | 0.182 |
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Wang, G.; Lu, J.; Xing, Z.; Li, S.; Liu, Z.; Tong, Y. Occurrence, Distribution, and Risk Assessment of Perfluoroalkyl Acids (PFAAs) in Muscle and Liver of Cattle in Xinjiang, China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 970. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14090970
Wang G, Lu J, Xing Z, Li S, Liu Z, Tong Y. Occurrence, Distribution, and Risk Assessment of Perfluoroalkyl Acids (PFAAs) in Muscle and Liver of Cattle in Xinjiang, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14(9):970. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14090970
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Gehui, Jianjiang Lu, Zhenni Xing, Shanman Li, Zilong Liu, and Yanbin Tong. 2017. "Occurrence, Distribution, and Risk Assessment of Perfluoroalkyl Acids (PFAAs) in Muscle and Liver of Cattle in Xinjiang, China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 9: 970. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14090970