Positive Rates and Factors Associated with Abnormal Lung Function of Greenhouse Workers in China: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Subjects
2.2. Questionnaires
2.3. Lung Function Test
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. General Information
3.2. Lung Function
3.2.1. Lung Ventilation Function
The Mean Values and SDs of Lung Ventilation Function indicators
Positive Rates of Abnormal Lung Ventilation Function
Influential Factors of Lung Ventilation Function
3.2.2. Small Airway Function
The Mean Values and SDs of Small Airway Function Indicators
Positive Rates of Abnormal Small Airway Function
Influential Factors of Small Airway Function
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Indicators | Equations | |
---|---|---|
Male | Female | |
VC | 0.0466 × (Height × 100) − 0.024 × Age − 3.28 | 0.061 × (Height × 100) − 0.028 × Age − 4.65 |
FVC | 0.0576 × (Height × 100) − 0.026 × Age − 4.34 | 0.0443 × (Height × 100) − 0.026 × Age − 2.89 |
FEV1 | 0.0395 × (Height × 100) − 0.025 × Age − 2.60 | 0.0430 × (Height × 100) − 0.029 × Age − 2.49 |
MEF50 | 0.0379 × (Height × 100) − 0.031 × Age − 0.35 | 0.0245 × (Height × 100) − 0.025 × Age + 1.16 |
MEF25 | 0.0261 × (Height × 100) − 0.026 × Age − 1.34 | 0.0105 × (Height × 100) − 0.025 × Age + 1.11 |
MMEF | 0.0194 × (Height × 100) − 0.043 × Age + 2.70 | 0.0125 × (Height × 100) − 0.034 × Age + 2.92 |
Variable | Assignment |
---|---|
Gender | 0 = male, 1 = female |
Age, years | 1 = ≤47, 2 = >47 |
BMI | 1 = <18.5, 2 = 18.5 − 23.9, 3 = <23.9 |
Education | 1 = Primary school and below, 2 = Middle school, 3 = High school and above |
Smoking | 0 = never−smokers, 1 = ever−smokers |
Working lifetime, years | 1 = 0−5, 2 = 6−10, 3 = 11−20, 4 = >20 |
Number of greenhouses owned | 1 = 1, 2 = 2, 3 = 3, 4 = >3 |
Mask using | 0 = No, 1 = Yes |
Variable | N | Coding | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(1) | (2) | (3) | |||
BMI | <18.5 | 31 | 0 | 0 | - |
18.5–23.9 | 336 | 1 | 0 | - | |
>23.9 | 311 | 0 | 1 | - | |
Education | Primary school and below | 268 | 1 | 0 | - |
Middle school | 319 | 0 | 1 | - | |
High school and above | 91 | 0 | 0 | - | |
Working lifetime, years | 0–5 | 104 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
6–10 | 218 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
11–20 | 317 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
>20 | 39 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
Numbers of greenhouses owned | 1 | 184 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
2 | 281 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
3 | 143 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
>3 | 70 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Mask Using | p a | ||
---|---|---|---|
No | Yes | ||
BMI | 0.172 | ||
<18.5 | 25 | 6 | |
18.5–23.9 | 236 | 100 | |
>23.9 | 236 | 75 | |
Education | 0.967 | ||
Primary school and below | 195 | 73 | |
Middle school | 235 | 84 | |
High school and above | 67 | 24 | |
Number of greenhouses owned | 0.901 | ||
1 | 136 | 48 | |
2 | 202 | 79 | |
3 | 106 | 37 | |
>3 | 53 | 17 |
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N (%) | VC% Predicted | FVC% Predicted | FEV1% Predicted | FEV1/FVC | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | 678 (100) | 106.07 ± 13.36 | 107.60 ± 13.95 | 97.19 ± 14.80 | 89.76 ± 10.78 |
Gender | |||||
Male | 291 (42.9) | 102.04 ± 12.83 a | 104.66 ± 13.89 a | 93.86 ± 15.27 a | 89.67 ± 10.92 |
Female | 387 (57.1) | 109.10 ± 12.95 | 109.81 ± 13.60 | 99.69 ± 13.94 | 89.83 ± 10.69 |
Age (years) | |||||
≤47 | 365 (53.8) | 105.31 ± 11.96 | 106.78 ± 12.17 | 97.94 ± 12.49 | 90.10 ± 10.76 |
>47 | 313 (46.2) | 106.95 ± 14.79 | 108.55 ± 15.75 | 96.30 ± 17.09 | 89.36 ± 10.80 |
BMI | |||||
<18.5 | 31 (4.6) | 98.85 ± 11.87 a,b | 99.95 ± 13.68 a,b | 89.96 ± 16.37 a,b | 86.80 ± 90.17 |
18.5–23.9 | 336 (49.6) | 106.35 ± 13.27 | 108.07 ± 14.01 | 98.07 ± 14.66 | 90.17 ± 10.57 |
>23.9 | 311 (45.9) | 106.49 ± 13.42 | 107.85 ± 13.74 | 96.95 ± 14.63 | 89.62 ± 10.90 |
Education | |||||
Primary school and below | 268 (39.5) | 107.45 ± 14.84 | 108.72 ± 15.38 | 97.74 ± 16.41 | 90.40 ± 10.04 |
Middle school | 319 (47.1) | 105.34 ± 12.24 | 106.90 ± 13.05 | 97.45 ± 13.04 | 89.59 ± 10.99 |
High school and above | 91 (13.4) | 104.57 ± 12.21 | 106.74 ± 12.42 | 94.61 ± 15.49 | 88.48 ± 12.05 |
Smoking | |||||
Never-smokers | 454 (67) | 107.71 ± 13.16 a | 108.75 ± 13.70 a | 98.90 ± 14.15 a | 89.64 ± 11.24 |
Ever-smokers | 224 (33) | 102.75 ± 13.15 | 105.26 ± 14.19 | 93.71 ± 15.50 | 89.82 ± 10.56 |
Number of greenhouses owned | |||||
1 | 184 (27.1) | 106.07 ± 14.72 | 107.46 ± 15.27 | 97.50 ± 16.39 | 90.55 ± 1050 |
2 | 281 (41.4) | 106.06 ± 13.02 | 107.54 ± 13.77 | 96.62 ± 14.64 | 89.52 ± 10.49 |
3 | 143 (21.1) | 106.96 ± 12.31 | 108.72 ± 12.51 | 97.92 ± 14.11 | 89.90 ± 11.84 |
>3 | 70 (10.3) | 104.32 ± 13.09 | 105.90 ± 13.94 | 97.02 ± 12.42 | 88.40 ± 10.39 |
Working lifetime (years) | |||||
0–5 | 104 (15.3) | 102.82 ± 12.29 a,b | 103.68 ± 13.37 a,b | 95.10 ± 14.86 a,b | 89.12 ± 11.23 |
6–10 | 218 (32.2) | 106.56 ± 13.45 | 108.05 ± 14.19 | 98.65 ± 14.60 | 89.21 ± 11.90 |
11–20 | 317 (46.8) | 106.46 ± 13.21 | 108.15 ± 13.55 | 96.98 ± 14.66 | 90.01 ± 9.97 |
>20 | 39 (5.8) | 108.88 ± 15.61 | 111.02 ± 15.74 | 96.20 ± 16.55 | 92.50 ± 9.03 |
Mask using | |||||
No | 497 (73.3) | 105.41 ± 13.69 a | 107.14 ± 14.33 | 96.58 ± 14.75 | 89.59 ± 11.26 |
Yes | 181 (26.7) | 107.89 ± 12.24 | 108.87 ± 12.80 | 98.84 ± 14.85 | ± 9.33 |
N (%) | VC% Predicted <80% | FVC% Predicted <80% | FEV1% Predicted <80% | FEV1/FVC <70% | Abnormal Lung Ventilation Function | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | 678 (100) | 20 (2.9) | 19 (2.8) | 76 (11.2) | 31 (4.6) | 44 (6.5) |
Gender | ||||||
Male | 291 (42.9) | 11 (3.8) | 10 (3.4) | 43 (14.8) a | 17 (5.8) | 23 (7.9) |
Female | 387 (57.1) | 9 (2.3) | 9 (2.3) | 33 (8.5) | 14 (3.6) | 21 (5.4) |
Age (years) | ||||||
≤47 | 365 (53.8) | 8 (2.2) | 6 (1.6) a | 26 (7.1) a | 15 (4.1) | 21 (5.8) |
>47 | 313 (46.2) | 12 (3.8) | 13 (4.2) | 50 (16.0) | 16 (5.1) | 23 (7.3) |
BMI | s | |||||
<18.5 | 31 (4.6) | 1 (3.2) | 3 (9.7) | 8 (25.8) a | 3 (9.7) | 3 (9.7) |
18.5–23.9 | 336 (49.6) | 10 (3.0) | 8 (2.4) | 37 (11.0) | 11 (3.3) | 17 (5.1) |
>23.9 | 311 (45.9) | 9 (2.9) | 8 (2.6) | 31 (10.0) | 17 (5.5) | 24 (7.7) |
Education | ||||||
Primary school and below | 268 (39.5) | 10 (3.7) | 10 (3.7) | 33 (12.3) | 10 (3.7) | 18 (6.7) |
Middle school | 319 (47.1) | 9 (2.8) | 8 (2.5) | 29 (9.1) | 15 (4.7) | 19 (6.0) |
High school and above | 91 (13.4) | 1 (1.1) | 1 (1.1) | 14 (15.4) | 6 (6.6) | 7 (7.7) |
Smoking | ||||||
Never-smokers | 454 (67) | 12 (2.6) | 13 (2.9) | 43 (9.5)a | 18 (4.0) | 28 (6.2) |
Ever-smokers | 224 (33) | 8 (3.6) | 6 (2.7) | 33 (14.7) | 13 (5.8) | 16 (7.1) |
Number of greenhouses owned | ||||||
1 | 184 (27.1) | 11 (6.0) a,b | 10 (5.4) a,b | 21 (11.4) | 8 (4.3) | 17 (9.2) |
2 | 281 (41.4) | 5 (1.8) | 5 (1.8) | 37 (13.2) | 13 (4.6) | 15 (5.3) |
3 | 143 (21.1) | 2 (1.4) | 1 (0.7) | 12 (8.4) | 5 (3.5) | 6 (4.2) |
>3 | 70 (10.3) | 2 (2.9) | 3 (4.3) | 6 (8.6) | 5 (7.1) | 6 (8.6) |
Working lifetime (years) | ||||||
0–5 | 104 (15.3) | 3 (2.9) | 5 (4.8) | 12 (11.5) | 7 (6.7) | 9 (8.7) |
6–10 | 218 (32.2) | 8 (3.7) | 8 (3.7) | 23 (10.6) | 9 (4.1) | 16 (7.3) |
11–20 | 317 (46.8) | 7 (2.2) | 6 (1.9) | 34 (10.7) | 14 (4.4) | 18 (5.7) |
>20 | 39 (5.8) | 2 (5.1) | 0 (0.0) | 7 (17.9) | 1 (2.6) | 1 (2.6) |
Mask using | ||||||
No | 497 (73.3) | 18 (3.6) | 16 (3.2) | 62 (12.5) | 26 (5.2) | 37 (7.4) |
Yes | 181 (26.7) | 2 (2.9) | 3 (1.7) | 14 (7.7) | 5 (2.8) | 7 (3.9) |
Variables in the Equation | B | Wald | p | OR (95% CI) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
VC% predicted | Number of greenhouses owned | 7.383 | 0.061 | ||
Number of greenhouses owned (1) | −1.244 | 5.130 | 0.024 | 0.288 (0.098, 0.846) | |
Number of greenhouses owned (2) | −1.509 | 3.759 | 0.053 | 0.221 (0.048, 1.017) | |
Number of greenhouses owned (3) | −0.791 | 1.019 | 0.313 | 0.453 (0.098, 2.106) | |
Mask using | −1.208 | 2.576 | 0.108 | 0.299 (0.068, 1.306) | |
FVC% predicted | Age | 0.868 | 2.872 | 0.090 | 2.383 (0.873, 6.505) |
Number of greenhouses owned | 6.727 | 0.081 | |||
Number of greenhouses owned (1) | −1.142 | 4.199 | 0.040 | 0.319 (0.107, 0.951) | |
Number of greenhouses owned (2) | −1.882 | 3.138 | 0.076 | 0.152 (0.019, 1.222) | |
Number of greenhouses owned (3) | −0.046 | 0.004 | 0.947 | 0.955 (0.249, 3.668) | |
FEV1% predicted | Gender | −0.596 | 5.672 | 0.017 | 0.551 (0.338, 0.900) |
Age | 0.862 | 11.163 | 0.001 | 2.368 (1.428, 3.927) | |
BMI | 5.385 | 0.068 | |||
BMI (1) | −0.948 | 4.295 | 0.038 | 0.388 (0.158, 0.950) | |
BMI (2) | −1.066 | 5.319 | 0.021 | 0.345 (0.139, 0.852) | |
FEV1/FVC | - | ||||
Lung ventilation function | Mask using | −0.693 | 2.700 | 0.100 | 0.500 (0.219, 1.143) |
Variables | N (%) | MEF50% Predicted | MEF25% Predicted | MMEF% Predicted |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total | 678 (100) | 69.63 ± 24.95 | 54.04 ± 24.94 | 66.81 ± 24.53 |
Gender | ||||
Male | 291 (42.9) | 69.44 ± 25.42 | 54.74 ± 25.77 | 67.05 ± 24.84 |
Female | 387 (57.1) | 69.77 ± 24.62 | 53.51 ± 24.31 | 66.63 ± 24.33 |
Age (years) | ||||
≤47 | 365 (53.8) | 71.33 ± 25.13 | 55.63 ± 26.04 | 68.84 ± 24.59 a |
>47 | 313 (46.2) | 67.66 ± 24.63 | 52.17 ± 23.49 | 64.45 ± 24.28 |
BMI | ||||
<18.5 | 31 (4.6) | 64.38 ± 25.74 | 53.07 ± 26.86 | 60.42 ± 2750 |
18.5–23.9 | 336 (49.6) | 70.54 ± 25.57 | 53.75 ± 24.84 | 67.54 ± 24.31 |
>23.9 | 311 (45.9) | 69.18 ± 24.19 | 54.43 ± 24.92 | 66.67 ± 24.45 |
Education | ||||
Primary school and below | 268 (39.5) | 71.42 ± 24.91 a,b | 53.43 ± 23.36 | 68.01 ± 24.10 b |
Middle school | 319 (47.1) | 69.88 ± 25.26 | 55.05 ± 26.02 | 67.33 ± 25.08 |
High school and above | 91 (13.4) | 63.52 ± 23.25 | 52.26 ± 25.65 | 61.47 ± 23.39 |
Smoking | ||||
Never-smokers | 454 (67) | 69.61 ± 25.20 | 53.30 ± 24.28 | 66.44 ± 24.58 |
Ever-smokers | 224 (33) | 69.68 ± 24.50 | 55.53 ± 26.22 | 67.57 ± 24.48 |
Number of greenhouses owned | ||||
1 | 184 (27.1) | 69.92 ± 24.03 | 55.67 ± 24.43 | 67.60 ± 24.54 |
2 | 281 (41.4) | 69.28 ± 24.80 | 51.98 ± 24.16 | 65.69 ± 24.25 |
3 | 143 (21.1) | 71.49 ± 26.52 | 57.49 ± 28.11 | 69.54 ± 26.01 |
>3 | 70 (10.3) | 66.50 ± 24.81 | 50.94 ± 21.56 | 63.67 ± 22.26 |
Working lifetime (years) | ||||
0–5 | 104 (15.3) | 68.96 ± 23.64 | 53.62 ± 23.98 | 66.17 ± 25.31 |
6–10 | 218 (32.2) | 68.19 ± 24.66 | 53.24 ± 25.14 | 65.72 ± 24.68 |
11–20 | 317 (46.8) | 69.93 ± 25.40 | 53.93 ± 25.09 | 66.96 ± 24.24 |
>20 | 39 (5.8) | 77.03 ± 25.87 | 60.45 ± 25.06 | 73.45 ± 23.83 |
Mask using | ||||
No | 497 (73.3) | 69.18 ± 24.26 | 53.79 ± 24.92 | 66.44 ± 24.35 |
Yes | 181 (26.7) | 70.89 ± 26.52 | 54.69 ± 25.04 | 67.83 ± 25.05 |
Variables | N (%) | MEF50% Predicted <65% | MEF25% Predicted <65% | MMEF% Predicted <65% | Abnormal Small Airway Function |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | 678 (100) | 305 (45.0) | 489 (72.1) | 320 (47.2) | 335 (49.4) |
Gender | |||||
Male | 291 (42.9) | 133 (45.7) | 206 (70.8) | 139 (47.8) | 145 (49.8) |
Female | 387 (57.1) | 172 (44.4) | 283 (73.1) | 181 (46.8) | 190 (49.1) |
Age (years) | |||||
≤47 | 365 (53.8) | 154 (42.2) | 258 (70.7) | 157 (43.0)a | 164 (44.9) a |
>47 | 313 (46.2) | 151 (48.2) | 231 (73.8) | 163 (52.1) | 171 (54.6) |
BMI | |||||
<18.5 | 31 (4.6) | 16 (51.6) | 22 (71.0) | 18 (58.1) | 18 (58.1) |
18.5–23.9 | 336 (49.6) | 150 (44.6) | 243 (72.3) | 152 (45.2) | 161 (47.9) |
>23.9 | 311 (45.9) | 139 (44.7) | 224 (72.0) | 150 (48.2) | 156 (50.2) |
Education | |||||
Primary school and below | 268 (39.5) | 113 (42.2) | 187 (69.8) | 116 (43.3) b | 124 (46.3) |
Middle school | 319 (47.1) | 143 (44.8) | 236 (74.0) | 154 (48.3) | 159 (49.8) |
High school and above | 91 (13.4) | 49 (53.8) | 66 (72.5) | 50 (54.9) | 52 (57.1) |
Smoking | |||||
Never-smokers | 454 (67) | 201 (44.3) | 333 (73.3) | 211 (46.5) | 224 (49.3) |
Ever-smokers | 224 (33) | 104 (46.4) | 156 (69.6) | 109 (48.7) | 111 (49.6) |
Number of greenhouses owned | |||||
1 | 184 (27.1) | 75 (40.8) | 120 (65.2) | 76 (41.3) | 81 (44.0) |
2 | 281 (41.4) | 135 (48.0) | 213 (75.8) | 143 (50.9) | 148 (52.7) |
3 | 143 (21.1) | 59 (41.3) | 102 (71.3) | 64 (44.8) | 67 (46.9) |
>3 | 70 (10.3) | 36 (51.4) | 54 (77.1) | 37 (52.9) | 39 (55.7) |
Working lifetime (years) | |||||
0–5 | 104 (15.3) | 49 (47.1) | 73 (70.2) | 45 (43.3) | 51 (49.0) |
6–10 | 218 (32.2) | 96 (44.0) | 162 (74.3) | 102 (46.8) | 105 (48.2) |
11–20 | 317 (46.8) | 148 (46.7) | 229 (72.2) | 159 (50.2) | 166 (52.4) |
>20 | 39 (5.8) | 12 (30.8) | 25 (64.1) | 14 (35.9) | 13 (33.3) |
Mask using | |||||
No | 497 (73.3) | 222 (44.7) | 361 (72.6) | 232 (46.7) | 241 (48.5) |
Yes | 181 (26.7) | 83 (45.9) | 128 (70.7) | 88 (48.6) | 94 (51.9) |
Variables in The Equation | B | Wald | p | OR (95%CI) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MEF50% predicted | - | ||||
MEF25% predicted | Number of greenhouses owned | 7.113 | 0.068 | ||
Number of greenhouses owned (1) | 0.513 | 6.074 | 0.014 | 1.671 (1.111, 2.513) | |
Number of greenhouses owned (2) | 0.283 | 1.375 | 0.241 | 1.327 (0.827, 2.129) | |
Number of greenhouses owned (3) | 0.588 | 3.291 | 0.070 | 1.800 (0.954, 3.397) | |
MMEF% predicted | Age | 0.506 | 8.417 | 0.004 | 1.659 (1.178, 2.335) |
Education | 6.870 | 0.032 | |||
Education (1) | −0.487 | 3.923 | 0.048 | 0.614 (0.379, 0.995) | |
Education (2) | −0.059 | 0.055 | 0.815 | 0.943 (0.577, 1.542) | |
Small airway function | Age | 0.562 | 9.959 | 0.002 | 1.754 (1.237, 2.485) |
Education | 5.424 | 0.066 | |||
Education (1) | −0.446 | 3.202 | 0.074 | 0.640 (0.393, 1.043) | |
Education (2) | −0.068 | 0.072 | 0.788 | 0.934 (0.568, 1.535) | |
Working lifetime | 6.334 | 0.096 | |||
Working lifetime (1) | 0.015 | 0.004 | 0.952 | 1.015 (0.632, 1.629) | |
Working lifetime (2) | 0.137 | 0.353 | 0.552 | 1.146 (0.731, 1.798) | |
Working lifetime (3) | −0.775 | 3.724 | 0.054 | 0.461 (0.210, 1.012) |
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Zhu, X.; Gao, P.; Gu, Y.; Xiao, P.; Liu, M.; Chen, J.; Cen, Y.; Ma, W.; Li, T. Positive Rates and Factors Associated with Abnormal Lung Function of Greenhouse Workers in China: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 956. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14090956
Zhu X, Gao P, Gu Y, Xiao P, Liu M, Chen J, Cen Y, Ma W, Li T. Positive Rates and Factors Associated with Abnormal Lung Function of Greenhouse Workers in China: A Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14(9):956. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14090956
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhu, Xiaojun, Panjun Gao, Yishuo Gu, Pei Xiao, Mengxuan Liu, Juan Chen, Yacai Cen, Wenjun Ma, and Tao Li. 2017. "Positive Rates and Factors Associated with Abnormal Lung Function of Greenhouse Workers in China: A Cross-Sectional Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 9: 956. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14090956