Urinary Levels of 4-Nonylphenol and 4-t-Octylphenol in a Representative Sample of the Korean Adult Population
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | N (%) |
---|---|
Total | 1865 (100.0) |
Women | 1063 (57.0) |
Age (years) | |
18–29 | 247 (13.2) |
30–39 | 412 (22.1) |
40–49 | 454 (24.3) |
50–59 | 430 (23.1) |
60–69 | 322 (17.3) |
Body mass index (BMI), kg/m2 | |
<18.5 | 56 (3.0) |
18.5–22.9 | 816 (43.7) |
23.0–24.9 | 453 (24.3) |
≥25.0 | 540 (29.0) |
Education | |
<High school | 529 (28.4) |
High school | 705 (37.8) |
>High school | 631 (33.8) |
Income, U.S. $/month | |
<910 | 399 (21.4) |
910–2729 | 894 (47.9) |
2730–4550 | 423 (22.7) |
>4550 | 149 (8.0) |
Cigarette smoking status | |
Never | 1232 (66.1) |
Former | 228 (12.2) |
Current | 405 (21.7) |
Place of residence | |
Rural | 448 (24.0) |
Urban | 1417 (76.0) |
Variable | N | % > LOD * | Percentile | Max | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
25th | 50th | 75th | 90th | 95th | ||||
All | 1865 | 83.2 | 1.02 (0.96) | 8.10 (7.50 | 21.9 (23.0) | 61.7 (64.1) | 137.4 (145.6) | 4477.0 (10,435.8) |
Sex | ||||||||
Male | 802 | 82.9 | 0.95 (0.72) | 7.94 (6.27) | 20.9 (17.0) | 66.3 (56.3) | 150.9 (132.1) | 781.8 (1541.9) |
Female | 1063 | 83.4 | 1.02 (1.08) | 8.19 (8.62) | 22.9 (28.2) | 58.3 (72.2) | 128.0 (156.5) | 4477.0 (10,435.8) |
Age (years) | ||||||||
18–29 | 247 | 82.6 | 0.64 (0.41) | 9.83 (6.62) | 22.7 (20.6) | 78.8 (61.4) | 182.4 (131.6) | 658.0 (974.8) |
30–39 | 412 | 83.0 | 1.79 (1.46) | 8.99 (8.99) | 24.9 (24.9) | 62.5 (82.4) | 186.0 (176.2) | 1039.1 (1135.7) |
40–49 | 454 | 82.6 | 0.35 (0.44) | 6.42 (6.46) | 17.2 (18.9) | 49.1 (52.2) | 110.0 (111.3) | 781.8 (1541.9) |
50–59 | 430 | 83.5 | 1.02 (1.08) | 8.19 (7.76) | 22.9 (25.8) | 60.2 (63.1) | 117.0 (152.6) | 4477.0 (10,435.8) |
60–69 | 322 | 84.5 | 1.10 (1.28) | 8.50 (8.47) | 23.0 (29.3) | 66.0 (71.1) | 140.0 (149.8) | 654.6 (944.1) |
Variable | N | % > LOD * | Percentile | Max | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
25th | 50th | 75th | 90th | 95th | ||||
All | 1865 | 91.8 | 0.17 (0.17) | 0.77 (0.71) | 1.80 (1.94) | 4.40 (4.86) | 8.00 (8.64) | 988.7 (645.4) |
Sex | ||||||||
Male | 802 | 92.6 | 0.16 (0.15) | 0.74 (0.56) | 1.80 (1.39) | 4.10 (3.60) | 8.20 (6.89) | 356.3 (240.3) |
Female | 1063 | 91.3 | 0.18 (0.20) | 0.81 (0.87) | 1.90 (2.37) | 4.70 (5.69) | 7.80 (10.22) | 988.7 (645.4) |
Age (years) | ||||||||
18–29 | 247 | 90.7 | 0.14 (0.12) | 0.83 (0.60) | 1.70 (1.29) | 3.80 (3.50) | 7.40 (5.73) | 47.1 (24.3) |
30–39 | 412 | 91.3 | 0.19 (0.18) | 0.81 (0.69) | 1.96 (2.04) | 4.19 (5.31) | 7.61 (8.38) | 988.7 (645.4) |
40–49 | 454 | 89.9 | 0.15 (0.15) | 0.86 (0.84) | 1.91 (2.07) | 5.13 (5.69) | 9.22 (8.54) | 356.3 (144.6) |
50–59 | 430 | 93.3 | 0.13 (0.15) | 0.66 (0.65) | 1.60 (1.84) | 3.80 (4.05) | 6.50 (6.97) | 73.1 (104.8) |
60–69 | 322 | 94.4 | 0.20 (0.22) | 0.77 (0.76) | 2.04 (2.06) | 5.44 (6.30) | 9.66 (13.37) | 336.8 (232.7) |
Variable | N | Geometric Mean (95% CI), ng/mL | p-Value a | Adjusted Proportional Change (95% CI) b | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | 3.70 (3.20–4.27) | - | |||
Sex | |||||
Male | 802 | 3.67 (2.97–4.54) | 0.9253 | 0.65 (0.42–1.00) | 0.052 |
Female | 1063 | 3.72 (3.06–4.53) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
Age (years) | |||||
18–29 | 247 | 3.50 (2.40–5.10) | 0.787 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.073 |
30–39 | 412 | 4.36 (3.27–5.81) | 1.32 (0.82–2.11) | ||
40–49 | 454 | 3.08 (2.35–4.04) | 1.04 (0.64–1.70) | ||
50–59 | 430 | 3.91 (2.96–5.15) | 1.44 (0.83–2.49) | ||
60–69 | 322 | 3.98 (2.91–5.43) | 1.83 (1.00–3.33) | ||
BMI | |||||
<18.5 | 56 | 3.78 (1.53–9.37) | 0.838 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.974 |
18.5–22.9 | 816 | 3.65 (2.93–4.56) | 1.00 (0.41–2.44) | ||
23.0–24.9 | 453 | 4.53 (3.39–6.05) | 1.29 (0.52–3.19) | ||
≥25.0 | 540 | 3.20 (2.47–4.13) | 0.91 (0.37–2.21) | ||
Education | |||||
<High school | 529 | 3.48 (2.69–4.51) | 0.268 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.349 |
High school | 705 | 3.21 (2.53–4.07) | 0.91 (0.61–1.37) | ||
>High school | 631 | 4.24 (3.35–5.36) | 1.27 (0.77–2.11) | ||
Income (U.S. $/month) | |||||
<910 | 399 | 2.64 (1.87–3.72) | 0.068 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.122 |
910–2729 | 894 | 3.99 (3.26–4.89) | 1.53 (0.98–2.39) | ||
2730–4550 | 423 | 3.65 (2.72–4.90) | 1.40 (0.83–2.36) | ||
>4550 | 149 | 4.84 (2.92–8.01) | 1.77 (0.91–3.41) | ||
Cigarette smoking status | |||||
Never | 1232 | 3.34 (2.79–4.00) | 0.136 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.023 |
Former | 228 | 4.25 (2.99–6.03) | 1.61 (0.99–2.63) | ||
Current | 405 | 4.39 (3.21–5.99) | 1.73 (1.08–2.76) | ||
Place of residence | |||||
Rural | 448 | 2.49 (1.85–3.35) | 0.005 | 0.66 (0.47–0.93) | 0.020 |
Urban | 1417 | 4.03 (3.42–4.75) | 1.00 (reference) |
Variable | N | Geometric Mean (95% CI), ng/mL | p-Value a | Adjusted Proportional Change (95% CI) b | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | 0.60 (0.55–0.66) | - | |||
Sex | |||||
Male | 802 | 0.57 (0.50–0.65) | 0.193 | 0.77 (0.59–1.01) | 0.057 |
Female | 1063 | 0.64 (0.57–0.72) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
Age (years) | |||||
18–29 | 247 | 0.57 (0.45–0.72) | 0.551 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.189 |
30–39 | 412 | 0.63 (0.53–0.75) | 1.22 (0.91–1.64) | ||
40–49 | 454 | 0.63 (0.52–0.75) | 1.27 (0.92–1.77) | ||
50–59 | 430 | 0.52 (0.45–0.61) | 1.09 (0.77–1.54) | ||
60–69 | 322 | 0.69 (0.57–0.84) | 1.44 (0.98–2.11) | ||
BMI | |||||
<18.5 | 56 | 0.97 (0.57–1.63) | 0.087 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.107 |
18.5–22.9 | 816 | 0.58 (0.51–0.66) | 0.63 (0.38–1.03) | ||
23.0–24.9 | 453 | 0.63 (0.52–0.76) | 0.67 (0.40–1.14) | ||
≥25.0 | 540 | 0.59 (0.50–0.70) | 0.63 (0.37–1.06) | ||
Education | |||||
<High school | 529 | 0.61 (0.52–0.71) | 0.759 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.234 |
High school | 705 | 0.57 (0.50–0.67) | 1.04 (0.80–1.35) | ||
>High school | 631 | 0.63 (0.54–0.73) | 1.22 (0.88–1.70) | ||
Income (U.S. $/month) | |||||
<910 | 399 | 0.63 (0.51–0.80) | 0.426 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.525 |
910–2729 | 894 | 0.60 (0.53–0.68) | 0.96 (0.72–1.29) | ||
2730–4550 | 423 | 0.54 (0.45–0.64) | 0.85 (0.60–1.21) | ||
>4550 | 149 | 0.78 (0.55–1.12) | 1.21 (0.77–1.91) | ||
Cigarette smoking status | |||||
Never | 1232 | 0.61 (0.55–0.69) | 0.569 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.638 |
Former | 228 | 0.62 (0.50–0.78) | 1.17 (0.86–1.60) | ||
Current | 405 | 0.57 (0.48–0.69) | 1.07 (0.80–1.44) | ||
Place of residence | |||||
Rural | 448 | 0.70 (0.59–0.83) | 0.076 | 1.21 (0.98–1.48) | 0.075 |
Urban | 1417 | 0.58 (0.53–0.65) | 1.00 (reference) |
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Park, H.; Kim, K. Urinary Levels of 4-Nonylphenol and 4-t-Octylphenol in a Representative Sample of the Korean Adult Population. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 932. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14080932
Park H, Kim K. Urinary Levels of 4-Nonylphenol and 4-t-Octylphenol in a Representative Sample of the Korean Adult Population. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14(8):932. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14080932
Chicago/Turabian StylePark, Hyejin, and Kisok Kim. 2017. "Urinary Levels of 4-Nonylphenol and 4-t-Octylphenol in a Representative Sample of the Korean Adult Population" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 8: 932. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14080932
APA StylePark, H., & Kim, K. (2017). Urinary Levels of 4-Nonylphenol and 4-t-Octylphenol in a Representative Sample of the Korean Adult Population. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(8), 932. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14080932