Sex Differences in the Relationship between Sleep Behavior, Fish Consumption, and Depressive Symptoms in the General Population of South Korea
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Assessment of Depressive Symptoms
2.3. Assessment of Sleep Behavior
2.4. Assessment of Fish Consumption
2.5. Assessment of Other Variables
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sociodemographic Characteristics of the Study Population
3.2. Association between Depressive Symptom and Sleep Behavior
3.3. Association between Depressive Symptoms and Fish Consumption
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Component | Total % (n = 600) | Male % (n = 306) | Female % (n = 294) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 20–29 | 18.8 | 19.6 | 18.0 | 0.982 |
30–39 | 21.3 | 21.6 | 21.1 | ||
40–49 | 23.7 | 23.5 | 23.8 | ||
50–59 | 22.5 | 22.2 | 22.8 | ||
60–69 | 13.7 | 13.1 | 14.3 | ||
Occupation | Public official | 2.8 | 4.3 | 1.4 | <0.0001 |
Company employee | 48.2 | 54.3 | 41.8 | ||
Business owner/self-employed | 8.8 | 13.4 | 4.1 | ||
Temporary employee | 4.0 | 4.6 | 3.4 | ||
Casual worker | 3.5 | 2.0 | 5.1 | ||
Student | 6.8 | 9.5 | 4.1 | ||
Housewife | 15.7 | 0 | 32.0 | ||
Unemployed | 5.3 | 5.6 | 5.1 | ||
Other | 4.8 | 6.5 | 3.1 | ||
Religion | Yes | 42.6 | 41.5 | 43.7 | 0.594 |
No | 57.4 | 58.5 | 56.3 | ||
Education level | High school and lower | 20.6 | 15.5 | 25.9 | <0.0001 |
Undergraduate level | 68.8 | 69.6 | 67.9 | ||
Graduate level | 10.6 | 14.9 | 6.1 | ||
Living condition | With family or friends | 89.0 | 11.4 | 10.5 | 0.727 |
Alone | 11.0 | 88.6 | 89.5 | ||
Income | 10,000,000 KRW or less | 4.2 | 3.8 | 4.6 | 0.874 |
20,000,000 KRW or less | 5.4 | 5.1 | 5.6 | ||
30,000,000 KRW or less | 11.9 | 13.3 | 10.5 | ||
40,000,000 KRW or less | 13.0 | 13.7 | 12.3 | ||
50,000,000 KRW or less | 16.1 | 16.4 | 15.8 | ||
More than 50,000,000 KRW | 49.5 | 47.8 | 51.2 | ||
Perceived health | Very healthy | 12.3 | 14.7 | 9.9 | 0.172 |
Healthy | 67.0 | 66.0 | 68.0 | ||
Unhealthy | 20.7 | 19.3 | 22.1 | ||
Drinking habit | Yes | 71.7 | 80.4 | 62.6 | <0.0001 |
No | 28.3 | 19.6 | 37.4 | ||
Smoking habit | Yes | 27.3 | 42.5 | 11.6 | <0.0001 |
No | 72.7 | 57.5 | 88.4 | ||
Exercise habit | Yes | 27.7 | 32.0 | 23.1 | 0.01 |
No | 72.23 | 68.0 | 76.9 | ||
Fish consumption | Frequently | 48.7 | 50.0 | 47.3 | 0.798 |
Occasionally | 41.5 | 40.5 | 42.5 | ||
Rarely | 9.8 | 9.5 | 10.2 | ||
Smoked salmon consumption | Frequently | 72.2 | 74.2 | 70.1 | 0.437 |
Occasionally | 22.3 | 21.2 | 23.4 | ||
Rarely | 5.5 | 4.6 | 6.5 | ||
Bedtime | 23:00 and earlier | 33.5 | 36.6 | 30.3 | 0.257 |
23:01 to 24:30 | 39.3 | 37.3 | 41.5 | ||
Later than 24:30 | 27.2 | 26.1 | 28.2 | ||
Sleep latency | 10 min and less | 41.7 | 45.75 | 37.4 | 0.04 |
11 min to less than 30 min | 23.3 | 23.86 | 22.8 | ||
More than 30 min | 35 | 30.39 | 39.8 | ||
Sleep duration | Less than 6 h | 13.7 | 16.3 | 10.9 | 0.03 |
6 to 8 h | 81.0 | 80.1 | 82.0 | ||
More than 8 h | 5.3 | 3.6 | 7.1 | ||
Sleep quality | Good | 83.7 | 83.7 | 83.7 | 0.997 |
Poor | 16.3 | 16.3 | 16.3 | ||
Depressive symptoms | Present | 50.0 | 46.4 | 53.7 | 0.07 |
Absent | 50.0 | 53.6 | 46.3 |
Variables | Component | Total % (n = 600) | Depressive Symptoms | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Absent | Present | ||||
Sex | Male | 51.0 | 54.7 | 47.3 | 0.07 |
Female | 49.0 | 45.3 | 52.7 | ||
Age | 20–29 | 18.8 | 15.7 | 22.0 | 0.133 |
30–39 | 21.3 | 21.0 | 21.7 | ||
40–49 | 23.7 | 23.0 | 24.3 | ||
50–59 | 22.5 | 24.0 | 21.0 | ||
60–69 | 13.7 | 16.3 | 11.0 | ||
Occupation | Public official | 2.8 | 3.3 | 2.3 | 0.07 |
Company employee | 48.2 | 47.0 | 49.3 | ||
Business owner/self-employed | 8.8 | 9.7 | 8.0 | ||
Temporary employee | 4.0 | 4.3 | 3.7 | ||
Casual worker | 3.5 | 3.3 | 3.7 | ||
Student | 6.8 | 6.0 | 7.7 | ||
Housewife | 15.7 | 19.0 | 12.3 | ||
Unemployed | 5.3 | 2.7 | 8.0 | ||
Other | 4.8 | 4.7 | 5.0 | ||
Religion | Yes | 42.6 | 45.1 | 40.1 | 0.229 |
No | 57.4 | 55.0 | 59.9 | ||
Education level | High school and lower | 20.6 | 18.7 | 22.6 | 0.16 |
Undergraduate level | 68.8 | 68.6 | 69.0 | ||
Graduate level | 10.6 | 12.7 | 8.4 | ||
Living condition | With family or friends | 11.0 | 93.0 | 85.0 | 0.002 |
Alone | 89.0 | 7.0 | 15.0 | ||
Income | 10,000,000 KRW or less | 4.2 | 2.1 | 6.3 | 0.018 |
20,000,000 KRW or less | 5.4 | 4.1 | 6.6 | ||
30,000,000 KRW or less | 11.9 | 9.6 | 14.3 | ||
40,000,000 KRW or less | 13.0 | 12.7 | 13.2 | ||
50,000,000 KRW or less | 16.1 | 17.2 | 15.0 | ||
More than 50,000,000 KRW | 49.5 | 54.3 | 44.6 | ||
Perceived health | Very healthy | 12.3 | 15.3 | 9.3 | <0.0001 |
Healthy | 67.0 | 73.7 | 60.3 | ||
Unhealthy | 20.7 | 11.0 | 30.3 | ||
Drinking habit | Yes | 71.7 | 71.7 | 71.7 | 1 |
No | 28.3 | 28.3 | 28.3 | ||
Smoking habit | Yes | 27.3 | 25.7 | 29.0 | 0.36 |
No | 72.7 | 74.3 | 71.0 | ||
Exercise habit | Yes | 27.7 | 28.3 | 27.0 | 0.715 |
No | 72.3 | 71.7 | 73.0 | ||
Fish consumption | Frequently | 48.7 | 51.7 | 45.7 | 0.049 |
Occasionally | 41.5 | 41.3 | 41.7 | ||
Rarely | 9.8 | 7.0 | 12.7 | ||
Smoked salmon consumption | Frequently | 72.2 | 73.3 | 71.0 | 0.568 |
Occasionally | 22.3 | 20.7 | 24.0 | ||
Rarely | 5.5 | 6.0 | 5.0 | ||
Bedtime | 23:00 and earlier | 33.5 | 37.0 | 30.0 | 0.047 |
23:01 to 24:30 | 39.3 | 40.0 | 38.7 | ||
Later than 24:30 | 27.2 | 23.0 | 31.3 | ||
Sleep latency | 10 min and less | 41.7 | 49.3 | 34.0 | <0.0001 |
11 min to less than 30 min | 23.3 | 25.3 | 21.3 | ||
More than 30 min | 35.0 | 25.3 | 44.7 | ||
Sleep duration | Less than 6 h | 13.7 | 10.0 | 17.3 | 0.02 |
6 to 8 h | 81.0 | 85.3 | 76.7 | ||
More than 8 h | 5.3 | 4.7 | 6.0 | ||
Sleep quality | Good | 83.7 | 94.7 | 72.7 | <0.0001 |
Poor | 16.3 | 5.3 | 27.3 |
Variables | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Odds Ratio (CI) | Odds Ratio (CI) | Odds Ratio (CI) | |||||
Bedtime | |||||||
23:00 and earlier | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
23:01 to 24:30 | 0.84 | (0.50–1.43) | 0.81 | (0.47–1.37) | 0.77 | (0.42–1.42) | |
Later than 24:30 | 0.81 | (0.45–1.48) | 0.79 | (0.43–1.44) | 0.76 | (0.38–1.52) | |
Sleep latency | |||||||
10 min and less | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
11 min to less than 30 min | 1.24 | (0.70–2.21) | 1.24 | (0.69–2.23) | 1.12 | (0.58–2.17) | |
More than 30 min | 2.26 | (1.32–3.87) | 2.19 | (1.27–3.78) | 1.93 | (1.03–3.63) | |
Sleep duration | |||||||
Less than 6 h | 1.43 | (0.77–2.65) | 1.48 | (0.80–2.75) | 1.61 | (0.79–3.27) | |
6 to 8 h | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
More than 8 h | 2.82 | (0.72–11.13) | 2.60 | (0.64–10.48) | 2.52 | (0.41–15.31) | |
Sleep quality | |||||||
Good | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
Poor | 6.24 | (2.97–13.01) | 6.25 | (2.96–13.18) | 7.07 | (3.03–16.50) |
Variables | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Odds Ratio (CI) | Odds Ratio (CI) | Odds Ratio (CI) | |||||
Bedtime | |||||||
23:00 and earlier | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
23:01 to 24:30 | 1.63 | (0.93–2.84) | 1.63 | (0.93–2.84) | 1.58 | (0.83–3.04) | |
Later than 24:30 | 3.10 | (1.65–5.84) | 3.09 | (1.64–5.85) | 2.36 | (1.10–5.06) | |
Sleep latency | |||||||
10 min and less | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
11 min to less than 30 min | 1.05 | (0.57–1.95) | 1.06 | (0.57–1.97) | 1.01 | (0.48–2.14) | |
More than 30 min | 2.57 | (1.49–4.43) | 2.67 | (1.53–4.63) | 2.97 | (1.56–5.66) | |
Sleep duration | |||||||
Less than 6 h | 5.50 | (2.12–14.26) | 5.45 | (2.09–14.23) | 4.63 | (1.52–14.12) | |
6 to 8 h | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
More than 8 h | 0.72 | (0.28–1.80) | 0.71 | (0.28–1.80) | 0.71 | (0.24–2.09) | |
Sleep quality | |||||||
Good | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
Poor | 8.28 | (3.37–20.34) | 8.40 | (3.39–20.81) | 7.49 | (2.69–20.88) |
Variables | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Odds Ratio (CI) | Odds Ratio (CI) | Odds Ratio (CI) | |||||
Fish consumption | |||||||
Frequently | 0.41 | (0.17–0.98) | 0.40 | (0.16–0.99) | 0.35 | (0.11–1.10) | |
Occasionally | 0.37 | (0.16–0.87) | 0.35 | (0.14–0.88) | 0.30 | (0.09–0.97) | |
Rarely | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Variables | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Odds Ratio (CI) | Odds Ratio (CI) | Odds Ratio (CI) | |||||
Fish consumption | |||||||
Frequently | 0.81 | (0.36–1.84) | 1.05 | (0.43–2.53) | 1.59 | (0.52–4.90) | |
Occasionally | 0.69 | (0.31–1.54) | 1.02 | (0.41–2.53) | 1.52 | (0.46–4.97) | |
Rarely | 1 | 1 | 1 |
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Supartini, A.; Oishi, T.; Yagi, N. Sex Differences in the Relationship between Sleep Behavior, Fish Consumption, and Depressive Symptoms in the General Population of South Korea. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 789. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14070789
Supartini A, Oishi T, Yagi N. Sex Differences in the Relationship between Sleep Behavior, Fish Consumption, and Depressive Symptoms in the General Population of South Korea. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14(7):789. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14070789
Chicago/Turabian StyleSupartini, Atin, Taro Oishi, and Nobuyuki Yagi. 2017. "Sex Differences in the Relationship between Sleep Behavior, Fish Consumption, and Depressive Symptoms in the General Population of South Korea" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 7: 789. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14070789
APA StyleSupartini, A., Oishi, T., & Yagi, N. (2017). Sex Differences in the Relationship between Sleep Behavior, Fish Consumption, and Depressive Symptoms in the General Population of South Korea. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(7), 789. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14070789