Stock Market Fluctuations and Self-Harm among Children and Adolescents in Hong Kong
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Data
2.2. Data Analysis
3. Ethics
4. Results
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Ougrin, D.; Tranah, T.; Stahl, D.; Moran, P.; Asarnow, J.R. Therapeutic interventions for suicide attempts and self-harm in adolescents: Systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 2015, 54, 97–107. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Nock, M.K.; Joiner, T.E.; Gordon, K.H.; Lloyd-Richardson, E.; Prinstein, M.J. Non-suicidal self-injury among adolescents: Diagnostic correlates and relation to suicide attempts. Psychiatry Res. 2006, 144, 65–72. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Laukkanen, E.; Rissanen, M.L.; Honkalampi, K.; Kylmä, J.; Tolmunen, T.; Hintikka, J. The prevalence of self-cutting and other self-harm among 13-to 18-year-old Finnish adolescents. Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol. 2009, 44, 23–28. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fliege, H.; Lee, J.R.; Grimm, A.; Klapp, B.F. Risk factors and correlates of deliberate self-harm behavior: A systematic review. J. Psychosom. Res. 2009, 66, 477–493. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Shek, D.T.; Yu, L. Self-harm and suicidal behaviors in Hong Kong adolescents: Prevalence and psychosocial correlates. Sci. World J. 2012, 2012, 1–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gratz, K.L. Measurement of deliberate self-harm: Preliminary data on the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory. J. Psychopathol. Behav. Assess. 2001, 23, 253–263. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ross, S.; Heath, N. A study of the frequency of self-mutilation in a community sample of adolescents. J. Youth Adolesc. 2002, 31, 67–77. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jacobson, C.M.; Gould, M. The epidemiology and phenomenology of non-suicidal self-injurious behavior among adolescents: A critical review of the literature. Arch. Suicide Res. 2007, 11, 129–147. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Engelberg, J.; Parsons, C.A. Worrying about the stock market: Evidence from hospital admissions. J. Financ. 2016, 71, 1227–1250. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cotti, C.; Dunn, R.A.; Tefft, N. The Dow is killing me: Risky health behaviors and the stock market. Health Econ. 2015, 24, 803–821. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing Limited. HKEx Fact Book 1999. Available online: https://www.hkex.com.hk/eng/stat/statrpt/factbook/1999/FB_1999.pdf (accessed on 31 March 2016).
- Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing Limited. HKEx Fact Book 2012. Available online: https://www.hkex.com.hk/eng/stat/statrpt/factbook/factbook2012/Documents/FB_2012.pdf (accessed on 31 March 2016).
- Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing Limited. HKEx Fact Book 2015. Available online: http://www.hkex.com.hk/eng/stat/statrpt/factbook/factbook2015/Documents/FB_2015.pdf (accessed on 31 March 2016).
- Ayton, A.; Rasool, H.; Cottrell, D. Deliberate self-harm in children and adolescents: Association with social deprivation. Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 2003, 12, 303–307. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hawton, K.; Harriss, L.; Hodder, K.; Simkin, S.; Gunnell, D. The influence of the economic and social environment on deliberate self-harm and suicide: An ecological and person-based study. Psychol. Med. 2001, 31, 827–836. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chang, S.S.; Stuckler, D.; Yip, P.; Gunnell, D. Impact of 2008 global economic crisis on suicide: Time trend study in 54 countries. BMJ 2013, 347, f5239. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tschan, T.; Schmid, M.; In-Albon, T. Parenting behavior in families of female adolescents with nonsuicidal self-injury in comparison to a clinical and a nonclinical control group. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry Ment. Health 2015, 9, 17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Elder, G.H., Jr.; van Nguyen, T.; Caspi, A. Linking family hardship to children’s lives. Child Dev. 1985, 56, 361–375. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bowlby, J. Separation: Anxiety and Anger; Basic Books: New York, NY, USA, 1976; Volume 2. [Google Scholar]
- Lempers, J.D.; Clark-Lempers, D. Family economic stress, maternal and paternal support and adolescent distress. J. Adolesc. 1990, 13, 217–229. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Laye-Gindhu, A.; Schonert-Reichl, K.A. Nonsuicidal self-harm among community adolescents: Understanding the “whats” and “whys” of self-harm. J. Youth Adolesc. 2005, 34, 447–457. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Greene, K.; Krcmar, M.; Walters, L.H.; Rubin, D.L.; Hale, L. Targeting adolescent risk-taking behaviors: The contributions of egocentrism and sensation-seeking. J. Adolesc. 2000, 23, 439–461. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chan, S.H.J.; Wan, Y.K.P.; Wong, I.K.A. Exploring the differences among Chinese casino gamblers’ characteristics, motivations, and behaviors. J. Vacat. Mark. 2015, 21, 23–36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gao, X.; Lin, T.-C. Do individual investors treat trading as a fun and exciting gambling activity? Evidence from repeated natural experiments. Rev. Financ. Stud. 2015, 28, 2128–2166. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fernie, B.A.; Caselli, G.; Giustina, L.; Donato, G.; Marcotriggiani, A.; Spada, M.M. Desire thinking as a predictor of gambling. Addict. Behav. 2014, 39, 793–796. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- McInerney, M.; Mellor, J.M.; Nicholas, L.H. Recession depression: Mental health effects of the 2008 stock market crash. J. Health Econ. 2013, 32, 1090–1104. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gili, M.; Roca, M.; Basu, S.; McKee, M.; Stuckler, D. The mental health risks of economic crisis in Spain: Evidence from primary care centres, 2006 and 2010. Eur. J. Public Health 2013, 23, 103–108. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sharpe, L.; Tarrier, N. Towards a cognitive-behavioural theory of problem gambling. Br. J. Psychiatry 1993, 162, 407–412. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ginley, M.K.; Whelan, J.P.; Relyea, G.E.; Meyers, A.W.; Pearlson, G.D. Testing the acquired preparedness model: Predicting college student gambling frequency and symptomatology. J. Gambl. Stud. 2015, 31, 907–919. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hawton, K.; Saunders, K.E.; O’Connor, R.C. Self-harm and suicide in adolescents. Lancet 2012, 379, 2373–2382. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Won, H.H.; Myung, W.; Song, G.Y.; Lee, W.H.; Kim, J.W.; Carroll, B.J.; Kim, D.K. Predicting national suicide numbers with social media data. PLoS ONE 2013, 8, e61809. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Landberg, J. Per capita alcohol consumption and suicide rates in the US, 1950–2002. Suicide Life-Threat. Behav. 2009, 39, 452–460. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Döme, P.; Kapitány, B.; Ignits, G.; Porkoláb, L.; Rihmer, Z. Tobacco consumption and antidepressant use are associated with the rate of completed suicide in Hungary: An ecological study. J. Psychiatr. Res. 2011, 45, 488–494. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Nock, M.K. Actions speak louder than words: An elaborated theoretical model of the social functions of self-injury and other harmful behaviors. Appl. Prev. Psychol. 2008, 12, 159–168. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Martuzzi, M.; Hills, M. Estimating the degree of heterogeneity between event rates using likelihood. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1995, 141, 369–374. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jessen, G.; Jensen, B.F.; Arensman, E.; Bib-Brahe, U.; Crepet, P.; Leo, D.D.; Hawton, K.; Haring, C.; Hjelmeland, H.; Michel, K.; et al. Attempted suicide and major public holidays in Europe: Findings from the WHO/EURO Multicentre Study on Parasuicide. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 1999, 99, 412–418. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Nishi, M.; Miyake, H.; Okamoto, H.; Goto, Y.; Sakai, T. Relationship between suicide and holidays. J. Epidemiol. 2000, 10, 317–320. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bergen, H.; Hawton, K. Variation in deliberate self-harm around Christmas and New Year. Soc. Sci. Med. 2007, 65, 855–867. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sindhu, M.I.; Bukhari, S.M.H.; Sub-Campus, B.B.; Hussain, A. Macroeconomic Factors do influencing Stock Price: A Case Study on Karachi Stock Exchange. J. Econ. Sustain. Dev. 2014, 5, 114–124. [Google Scholar]
- Bretherton, I. The origins of attachment theory: John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth. Dev. Psychol. 1992, 28, 759. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- O’Gorman, S. Attachment theory, family system theory, and the child presenting with significant behavioral concerns. J. Syst. Ther. 2012, 31, 1–16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gratz, K.L. Risk factors for and functions of deliberate self-harm: An empirical and conceptual review. Clin. Psychol. Prac. 2003, 10, 192–205. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dehejia, R.; Lleras-Muney, A. Booms, busts, and babies’ health. Q. J. Econ. 2004, 119, 1091–1130. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kokkevi, A.; Rotsika, V.; Arapaki, A.; Richardson, C. Adolescents’ self-reported suicide attempts, self-harm thoughts and their correlates across 17 European countries. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 2012, 53, 381–389. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Law, B.; Shek, D. Self-harm and suicide attempts among young Chinese adolescents in Hong Kong: Prevalence, correlates, and changes. J. Pediatr. Adolesc. Gynecol. 2013, 26, S26–S32. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Liang, S.; Yan, J.; Zhang, T.; Zhu, C.; Situ, M.; Du, N.; Fu, X.; Huang, Y. Differences between non-suicidal self injury and suicide attempt in Chinese adolescents. Asian J. Psychiatry 2014, 8, 76–83. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Toprak, S.; Cetin, I.; Guven, T.; Can, G.; Demircan, C. Self-harm, suicidal ideation and suicide attempts among college students. Psychiatry Res. 2011, 187, 140–144. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Year | Age 5 to 12 | Age 13 to 19 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Total No. of Self-Harm | Incidence Rate per 100,000 Persons | Total No. of Self-Harm | Incidence Rate per 100,000 Persons | |
2001 | 530 | 80 | 529 | 85 |
2002 | 254 | 39 | 416 | 67 |
2003 | 230 | 36 | 276 | 45 |
2004 | 121 | 20 | 287 | 47 |
2005 | 87 | 15 | 223 | 36 |
2006 | 156 | 27 | 277 | 45 |
2007 | 125 | 23 | 276 | 45 |
2008 | 88 | 17 | 212 | 34 |
2009 | 44 | 9 | 174 | 28 |
2010 | 26 | 5 | 139 | 23 |
2011 | 75 | 17 | 191 | 33 |
2012 | 32 | 7 | 163 | 29 |
Total | 1768 | 3163 |
(a) Age 5 to 12 | (b) Age 13 to 19 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Estimate | 95% CI | Estimate | 95% CI | |
∇HSI | 0.0864 * | (0.0066, 0.1662) | 0.0570 * | (0.0073, 0.1067) |
Holiday | −0.2248 ** | (−0.3467, −0.1029) | −0.1632 ** | (−0.2459, −0.0805) |
tlong | −0.00052 ** | (−0.00057, −0.00047) | −0.00027 ** | (−0.0003, −0.00024) |
January (Baseline) | ||||
February | −0.3158 * | (−0.5723, −0.0593) | 0.0619 | (−0.1254, 0.2492) |
March | −0.1894 | (−0.4335, 0.0548) | 0.1808 * | (0.0020, 0.3596) |
April | −0.3347 * | (−0.5895, −0.0800) | −0.0500 | (−0.2399, 0.1399) |
May | −0.2743 * | (−0.5243, −0.0243) | 0.1842 * | (0.0048, 0.3636) |
June | −0.4502 ** | (−0.7133, −0.1871) | 0.0320 | (−0.1549, 0.2189) |
July | −0.3371 ** | (−0.5920, −0.0823) | −0.0082 | (−0.1956, 0.1792) |
August | −0.2818 * | (−0.5345, −0.0292) | 0.0486 | (−0.1368, 0.2340) |
September | −0.3522 ** | (−0.6124, −0.0921) | 0.1983 * | (0.0169, 0.3797) |
October | −0.1010 | (−0.3463, 0.1442) | 0.3342 ** | (0.1586, 0.5098) |
November | −0.2238 | (−0.4782, 0.0306) | 0.1434 | (−0.0407, 0.3275) |
December | −0.5328 ** | (−0.8054, −0.2601) | −0.1612 | (−0.3578, 0.0354) |
© 2017 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Wong, W.H.-S.; Lee, J.C.-Y.; Ho, F.K.-W.; Li, T.M.-H.; Ip, P.; Chow, C.-B. Stock Market Fluctuations and Self-Harm among Children and Adolescents in Hong Kong. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 623. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14060623
Wong WH-S, Lee JC-Y, Ho FK-W, Li TM-H, Ip P, Chow C-B. Stock Market Fluctuations and Self-Harm among Children and Adolescents in Hong Kong. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14(6):623. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14060623
Chicago/Turabian StyleWong, Wilfred Hing-Sang, James Chun-Yin Lee, Frederick Ka-Wing Ho, Tim Man-Ho Li, Patrick Ip, and Chun-Bong Chow. 2017. "Stock Market Fluctuations and Self-Harm among Children and Adolescents in Hong Kong" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 6: 623. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14060623