Socioeconomic Disparity in Later-Year Group Trajectories of Depressive Symptoms: Role of Health and Social Engagement Change
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data and Sample
2.2. Measures
2.3. Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Group Trajectories of Depressive Symptoms by Poverty Status
3.2. Characteristics of Group Trajectories
3.3. Health and Social Factors of Trajectory Group Membership
4. Discussion
4.1. Group Trajectories of Depressive Symptoms by Poverty Status
4.2. Health, Social Engagement, and Symptom Trajectories: Poor vs. Non-Poor
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Entire | High-to Moderate 8.61% (n = 212) | Slightly Increasing 44.13% (n = 1086) | Stable Low 36.77% (n = 905) | Stable High 6.50% (n = 160) | Steeply Increasing 3.98% (n = 98) | Statistics | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographics | |||||||
Age | 73.18 | 75.0 (7.1) | 73.4 (6.3) | 72.1 (5.9) | 74.7 (6.0) | 74.3(5.8) | F(4,2456) = 14.408 *** |
Education (≤six years) | 76.8% | 81.1% | 83.7% | 64.4% | 93.8% | 76.5% | (4) = 134.742 *** |
Income status ($, log mean value) | 4.0 (2.3) | 4.0 (2.2) | 4.0 (2.2) | 4.1 (2.3) | 4.1 (2.2) | 3.3 (2.5) | F(4,2456) = 2.545 * |
Constantly poor | 62.0% | 73.3% | 61.3% | 57.4% | 75.8% | 67.3% | (4) = 28.481 *** |
Marital status (ref. constantly married) | 57.5% | 49.5% | 49.4% | 74.5% | 30.6% | 51.0% | (8) = 202.759 *** |
Constantly unmarried | 35.3% | 45.3% | 42.5% | 19.7% | 60.0% | 36.7% | |
Status changed | 7.3% | 5.2% | 8.1% | 5.9% | 9% | 12.2% | |
Health factors | |||||||
Chronic diseases (ref. constantly no diseases) | 18.1% | 10.8% | 15.7% | 26.1% | 5.0% | 8.2% | (8) = 107.160 *** |
Constantly having diseases | 70.0% | 80.7% | 72.9% | 60.0% | 90.6% | 72.4% | |
Increased | 11.9% | 8.5% | 11.4% | 13.8% | 4.4% | 19.4% | |
Functional limitation (ref. constantly no disability) | 61.8% | 47.2% | 62.9% | 72.3% | 40.2% | 21.4% | (12) = 218.328 *** |
Constantly having disability | 5.9% | 9.7% | 6.0% | 3.7% | 13.6% | 7.1% | |
Increase | 20.4% | 24.4% | 19.6% | 13.3% | 31.1% | 65.3% | |
Decrease | 11.8% | 18.8% | 11.6% | 10.7% | 15.2% | 6.1% | |
Cognition (ref. constantly normal) | 26.3% | 11.4% | 18.8% | 44.4% | 6.1% | 6.1% | (12) = 332.610 *** |
Constantly low and dementia risk | 42.5% | 60.2% | 47.0% | 24.9% | 79.5% | 61.2% | |
Improved | 10.8% | 13.1% | 10.8% | 12.8% | 3.0% | 2.0% | |
Declined | 20.3% | 15.3% | 23.4% | 17.9% | 11.4% | 30.6% | |
Social Engagement | |||||||
Social participation (ref. constantly participated) | 38.9% | 18.8% | 38.0% | 49.6% | 26.5% | 14.3% | (12) = 151.651 *** |
Constantly non-participated | 25.3% | 40.3% | 25.5% | 18.6% | 38.6% | 32.7% | |
Increased | 17.1% | 23.3% | 18.4% | 15.8% | 12.9% | 9.2% | |
Decreased | 18.7% | 17.6% | 18.1% | 16.0% | 22.0% | 43.9% | |
Contact frequency with close social network (ref. no change) | 62.1% | 55.1% | 64.2% | 63.3% | 59.8% | 48.0% | (8) = 47.502 *** |
Increased | 17.7% | 21.6% | 16.2% | 20.1% | 15.2% | 9.2% | |
Decreased | 20.2% | 23.3% | 19.7% | 16.7% | 25.0% | 42.9% |
Entire | High to Moderate 5.3% (n = 88) | Steeply Increasing 11.5% (n = 192) | Stable Low 83.2% (n = 1388) | Statistics | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographics | |||||
Age | 72.7 (6.3) | 75.1 (7.3) | 74.7 (6.7) | 72.2 (6.1) | F(2,1665) = 20.247 *** |
Education (≤six years) | 66.7% | 87.5% | 79.7% | 63.5% | (2) = 37.924 *** |
Income status ($, log mean value) | 7.2 (0.5) | 7.1 (0.5) | 7.2 (0.6) | 7.2 (0.5) | F(2,1665) = 2.279 |
Constantly non-poor | 73.2% | 60.3% | 71.9% | 74.1% | (2) = 5.513 |
Marital status (ref. constantly married) | 54.9% | 29.5% | 39.1% | 58.6% | (4) = 54.530 *** |
Constantly unmarried | 40.0% | 67.0% | 53.6% | 36.4% | |
Status changed | 5.2% | 3.4% | 7.3% | 5.0% | |
Health factors | |||||
Chronic diseases (ref. constantly no diseases) | 19.5% | 13.6% | 6.3% | 21.7% | (4) = 35.964 *** |
Constantly having diseases | 67.1% | 81.8% | 78.6% | 64.6% | |
Status changed | 13.4% | 4.5% | 15.1% | 13.7% | |
Functional limitations (ref. constantly no disability) | 64.5% | 46.6% | 37.0% | 69.9% | (6) = 125.181 *** |
Constantly having disability | 5.8% | 17.2% | 8.3% | 4.8% | |
Increased | 18.5% | 13.8% | 42.7% | 14.8% | |
Decreased | 11.1% | 22.4% | 12.0% | 10.4% | |
Cognition (ref. constantly normal) | 36.3% | 10.3% | 11.5% | 41.6% | (6) = 121.166 *** |
Constantly low and dementia risk | 33.1% | 58.6% | 57.3% | 28.0% | |
Improved | 10.1% | 17.2% | 4.7% | 10.7% | |
Declined | 20.4% | 13.8% | 26.6% | 19.7% | |
Social factors | |||||
Social participation (ref. constantly participated) | 49.9% | 44.8% | 33.9% | 52.7% | (6) = 55.933 *** |
Constantly non-participated | 18.5% | 31.0% | 31.8% | 15.8% | |
Increased | 13.6% | 8.6% | 7.8% | 14.7% | |
Decreased | 18.0% | 15.5% | 26.6% | 16.8% | |
Contact frequency with close social network (ref. no change) | 60.1% | 58.6% | 50.5% | 61.8% | (4) = 26.013 *** |
Increased | 19.6% | 19.0% | 15.6% | 20.3% | |
Decreased | 20.3% | 22.4% | 33.9% | 18.0% |
High to Moderate | Slightly Increasing | Stable High | Steeply Increasing | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coefficient | Relative Risk Ratio | Coefficient | Relative Risk Ratio | Coefficient | Relative Risk Ratio | Coefficient | Relative Risk Ratio | |
Demographics | ||||||||
Age | −0.031 | 0.969 | −0.015 | 0.985 | −0.062 * | 0.940 | −0.060 ** | 0.942 |
Education (≥7 years) | −0.051 | 0.951 | −0.524 *** | 0.592 | −0.727 | 0.483 | −0.064 | 0.938 |
Income status (Wave 1) | −0.006 | 0.994 | −0.020 | 0.980 | −0.008 | 0.992 | −0.173 ** | 0.841 |
Exit from poverty | 0.071 | 1.073 | −0.057 | 0.945 | −0.432 | 0.649 | −0.379 | 0.684 |
Marital status (ref. constantly married) | ||||||||
Constantly unmarried | 0.270 | 1.310 | 0.685 *** | 1.983 | 1.134 ** | 3.108 | 0.791 ** | 2.205 |
Status changed | 0.768 | 2.154 | 0.634** | 1.885 | 1.968 ** | 7.155 | 1.040 * | 2.831 |
Health factors | ||||||||
Chronic diseases (ref. constantly no diseases) | ||||||||
Constantly having diseases | 0.887 | 2.428 | 0.599 *** | 1.821 | 2.052 ** | 7.787 | 0.952 * | 2.591 |
Status changed | −0.269 | 0.765 | 0.334 | 1.397 | 0.511 | 1.666 | 1.160 * | 3.189 |
Functional disability (ref. constantly no disability) | ||||||||
Constantly having disability | −0.046 | 0.955 | 0.163 | 1.177 | 0.602 | 1.825 | 1.465 ** | 4.328 |
Increase | 0.468 | 1.596 | 0.153 | 1.166 | 0.863 * | 2.371 | 2.241 *** | 9.404 |
Decrease | −0.253 | 0.776 | −0.111 | 0.895 | −0.392 | 0.676 | 0.390 | 1.476 |
Cognition (ref. constantly normal) | ||||||||
Constantly low and dementia risk | 1.409 * | 4.093 | −0.958 *** | 2.606 | 1.964 ** | 7.129 | 1.831 *** | 6.242 |
Improved | 1.361 * | 3.900 | 0.313 | 1.367 | 0.164 | 1.179 | −0.362 | 0.696 |
Declined | 0.937 | 2.551 | 0.921 *** | 2.511 | 0.915 | 2.498 | 1.615 ** | 5.027 |
Social factors | ||||||||
Social participation (ref. constantly participated) | ||||||||
Constantly non-participated | −0.084 | 0.919 | 0.135 | 1.145 | −0.322 | 0.724 | 0.992 ** | 2.696 |
Increased | −0.035 | 0.965 | 0.311 | 1.365 | −0.771 | 0.462 | 0.771 | 2.161 |
Decreased | −0.214 | 0.807 | 0.009 | 1.009 | −0.405 | 0.667 | 1.389 *** | 4.011 |
Contact frequency with close social network (ref. no change) | ||||||||
Increased | −0.323 | 0.724 | −0.253 | 0.777 | −0.564 | 0.569 | −0.264 | 0.768 |
Decreased | −0.158 | 0.854 | 0.163 | 1.177 | −0.119 | 0.888 | 0.565 * | 1.759 |
W1 depression | 1.014 *** | 2.757 | 0.127 *** | 1.135 | 0.891 *** | 2.438 | 0.034 | 1.034 |
High-to-Moderate | Steeply Increasing | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Coefficient | Odd Ratio | Coefficient | Odd Ratio | |
Demographics | ||||
Age | 0.003 | 1.003 | −0.005 | 0.995 |
Education (≥7 years) | −1.574 | 0.207 | −0.179 | 0.836 |
Income status (W1) | −1.166 * | 0.312 | 0.121 | 1.129 |
Exit from the poverty | −0.663 | 0.515 | 0.147 | 1.159 |
Marital status (ref. constantly married) | ||||
Constantly unmarried | −0.040 | 0.961 | 0.356 | 1.428 |
Status changed | 0.851 | 2.343 | 0.303 | 1.354 |
Health factors | ||||
Chronic diseases (ref. constantly no diseases) | ||||
Constantly having diseases | −1.045 | 0.352 | 0.886 ** | 2.425 |
Status changed | −0.566 | 0.568 | 0.647 | 1.910 |
Functional disability (ref. constantly no disability) | ||||
Constantly having disability | 0.130 | 1.139 | 0.447 | 1.563 |
Increase | −1.038 | 0.354 | 1.125 *** | 3.080 |
Decrease | 0.452 | 1.571 | 0.417 | 1.517 |
Cognition (ref. constantly normal) | ||||
Constantly low and dementia risk | 1.090 | 2.974 | 1.191 *** | 3.289 |
Improved | 0.383 | 1.467 | 0.230 | 1.259 |
Declined | 0.748 | 2.113 | 1.308 *** | 3.697 |
Social factors | ||||
Social participation (ref. constantly participated) | ||||
Constantly non-participated | −0.796 | 0.451 | 0.260 | 1.297 |
Increased | −0.492 | 0.611 | −0.457 | 0.633 |
Decreased | 0.057 | 1.059 | 0.186 | 1.204 |
Contact frequency with close social network (ref. no change) | ||||
Increased | −0.474 | 0.623 | −0.079 | 0.924 |
Decreased | −0.625 | 0.535 | 0.441 * | 1.555 |
W1 depression | 1.007 *** | 2.736 | 0.116 *** | 1.123 |
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Lee, H.; Park, S.; Kwon, E.; Cho, J. Socioeconomic Disparity in Later-Year Group Trajectories of Depressive Symptoms: Role of Health and Social Engagement Change. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 588. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14060588
Lee H, Park S, Kwon E, Cho J. Socioeconomic Disparity in Later-Year Group Trajectories of Depressive Symptoms: Role of Health and Social Engagement Change. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14(6):588. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14060588
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Hyunjoo, Sojung Park, Eunsun Kwon, and Joonyoung Cho. 2017. "Socioeconomic Disparity in Later-Year Group Trajectories of Depressive Symptoms: Role of Health and Social Engagement Change" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 6: 588. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14060588