Congenital Anomalies in Contaminated Sites: A Multisite Study in Italy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
- in Laghi di Mantova for congenital heart defects (CHD) (O/E 1.37; 90% CI 1.15–1.62), digestive system (O/E 1.80; 90% CI 1.16–2.67), and genital (O/E 1.54; 90% CI 1.07–2.14);
- in Livorno for CHD (O/E 1.56; 90% CI 1.42–1.72), limb (O/E 1.60; 90% CI 1.37–1.85), and genital (O/E 1.44; 90% CI 1.19–1.73);
- in Manfredonia for CHD (O/E 1.55; 90% CI 1.34–1.79), digestive system (O/E 1.91; 90% CI 1.30–2.70), and urinary system (O/E 1.62; 90% CI 1.14–2.25);
- in Gela for CHD (O/E 1.22; 90% CI 1.02–1.45), genital (O/E 2.36; 90% CI 1.73–3.15), and urinary system (O/E 3.21; 90% CI 2.55–3.99).
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Contaminated Site | Environmental Exposure | Registry of Congenital Anomalies | Type of Cases | Study Period | n. Births |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Laghi di Mantova | C, P&R, H, L | Mantova province | LB + FD + TOPFA | 2002–2011 | 4872 |
Fidenza | C, L | Emilia Romagna region | LB + FD + TOPFA | 1995–2011 | 5816 |
Sassuolo-Scandiano | C | Emilia Romagna region | LB + FD + TOPFA | 1995–2011 | 19,323 |
Livorno | P&R, H | Tuscany region | LB + FD + TOPFA | 1992–2011 | 27,511 |
Massa Carrara | C, P&R, S, H, L, A, I | Tuscany region | LB + FD + TOPFA | 1992–2011 | 20,752 |
Piombino | C, S, E, H, L | Tuscany region | LB + FD + TOPFA | 1992–2011 | 4660 |
Area Litorale Vesuviano | A, L | Campania region | LB + FD + TOPFA | 2004–2010 | 34,452 |
Litorale Domizio Flegreo e Agro Aversano | L | Campania region | LB + FD + TOPFA | 2004–2010 | 117,364 |
Gela | C, P&R, L | Sicily region | LB | 2006–2010 | 4279 |
Priolo | C, P&R, H, L, A | Sicily region | LB | 2006–2010 | 8592 |
Brindisi | C, P&R, E, H, L | Apulia region | LB | 2001–2012 | 9925 |
Manfredonia | C, L | Apulia region | LB | 2001–2012 | 8364 |
Taranto | P&R, S, H, L | Apulia region | LB | 2001–2012 | 22,274 |
Contaminated Site | Total Congenital Anomalies | Nervous System | Congenital Heart Defects | Oro-Facial Clefts | Digestive System | Limb | Genital | Urinary System | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | O/E (90% CI) | N | O/E (90% CI) | N | O/E (90% CI) | N | O/E (90% CI) | N | O/E (90% CI) | N | O/E (90% CI) | N | O/E (90% CI) | N | O/E (90% CI) | |
Laghi di Mantova | 221 | 1.15 (1.03–1.29) | 23 | 1.31 (0.90–1.86) | 99 | 1.37 (1.15–1.62) | 7 | 0.98 (0.46–1.83) | 18 | 1.80 (1.16–2.67) | 25 | 0.86 (0.60–1.20) | 25 | 1.54 (1.07–2.14) | 24 | 1.00 (0.69–1.40) |
Fidenza | 97 | 1.00 (0.84–1.18) | 5 | 0.69 (0.27–1.45) | 26 | 0.91 (0.64–1.26) | 5 | 0.94 (0.37–1.97) | 10 | 1.35 (0.73–2.29) | 20 | 1.32 (0.88–1.92) | 21 | 2.27 (1.52–3.27) | 4 | 0.33 (0.11–0.76) |
Sassuolo-Scandiano | 280 | 0.87 (0.78–0.96) | 12 | 0.50 (0.29–0.81) | 85 | 0.89 (0.74–1.07) | 21 | 1.19 (0.80–1.71) | 32 | 1.30 (0.95–1.74) | 40 | 0.79 (0.60–1.03) | 32 | 1.04 (0.76–1.40) | 35 | 0.87 (0.64–1.15) |
Livorno | 745 | 1.33 (1.25–1.41) | 43 | 1.13 (0.87–1.46) | 303 | 1.56 (1.42–1.72) | 25 | 1.02 (0.71–1.43) | 34 | 1.01 (0.74–1.34) | 126 | 1.60 (1.37–1.85) | 82 | 1.44 (1.19–1.73) | 66 | 1.04 (0.84–1.27) |
Massa Carrara | 438 | 1.04 (0.96–1.12) | 24 | 0.84 (0.58–1.18) | 147 | 1.00 (0.87–1.15) | 17 | 0.92 (0.59–1.38) | 33 | 1.30 (0.95–1.73) | 44 | 0.74 (0.57–0.95) | 40 | 0.93 (0.70–1.21) | 53 | 1.10 (0.87–1.39) |
Piombino | 143 | 1.51 (1.31–1.73) | 5 | 0.78 (0.31–1.63) | 47 | 1.43 (1.11–1.82) | 8 | 1.93 (0.96–3.49) | 6 | 1.05 (0.46–2.07) | 19 | 1.42 (0.93–2.09) | 17 | 1.76 (1.12–2.65) | 16 | 1.48 (0.93–2.25) |
Area Litorale Vesuviano | 821 | 0.94 (0.88–0.99) | 94 | 0.99 (0.83–1.18) | 313 | 0.94 (0.85–1.03) | 35 | 0.70 (0.52–0.93) | 56 | 0.93 (0.74–1.17) | 116 | 1.10 (0.94–1.28) | 103 | 0.90 (0.76–1.06) | 93 | 1.06 (0.88–1.26) |
Litorale Domizio Flegreo e Agro Aversano | 2975 | 1.00 (0.97–1.03) | 317 | 0.98 (0.89–1.08) | 1,169 | 1.03 (0.98–1.08) | 170 | 0.99 (0.87–1.13) | 218 | 1.07 (0.95–1.19) | 359 | 1.00 (0.91–1.09) | 378 | 0.97 (0.89–1.05) | 297 | 0.99 (0.90–1.09) |
Gela | 139 | 1.14 (0.99–1.31) | 2 | 0.34 (0.06–1.06) | 93 | 1.22 (1.02–1.45) | 5 | 1.37 (0.54–2.88) | 7 | 1.01 (0.47–1.90) | 14 | 1.10 (0.67–1.72) | 33 | 2.36 (1.73–3.15) | 59 | 3.21 (2.55–3.99) |
Priolo | 242 | 0.99 (0.89–1.10) | 15 | 1.27 (0.78–1.95) | 140 | 0.91 (0.79–1.05) | 3 | 0.41 (0.11–1.06) | 23 | 1.65 (1.13–2.34) | 32 | 1.26 (0.91–1.69) | 21 | 1.54 (1.03–2.22) | 13 | 0.69 (0.41–1.09) |
Brindisi | 206 | 0.96 (0.85–1.07) | 11 | 1.02 (0.57–1.70) | 105 | 1.03 (0.87–1.21) | 6 | 0.48 (0.21–0.94) | 11 | 0.77 (0.43–1.27) | 19 | 0.72 (0.47–1.05) | 32 | 0.90 (0.65–1.20) | 25 | 1.32 (0.92–1.84) |
Manfredonia | 247 | 1.36 (1.22–1.51) | 6 | 0.66 (0.29–1.31) | 133 | 1.55 (1.34–1.79) | 8 | 0.76 (0.38–1.37) | 23 | 1.91 (1.30–2.70) | 30 | 1.34 (0.97–1.82) | 30 | 1.00 (0.72–1.35) | 26 | 1.62 (1.14–2.25) |
Taranto | 531 | 1.10 (1.02–1.18) | 33 | 1.37 (1.00–1.83) | 236 | 1.03 (0.92–1.15) | 37 | 1.32 (0.98–1.73) | 37 | 1.15 (0.86–1.52) | 87 | 1.46 (1.21–1.75) | 79 | 0.99 (0.81–1.19) | 49 | 1.15 (0.89–1.46) |
Source of Exposure | Total Congenital Anomalies | Congenital Heart Defects | Genital | Limb | Urinary System | Nervous System |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PE (90% CI) | PE (90% CI) | PE (90% CI) | PE (90% CI) | PE (90% CI) | PE (90% CI) | |
Petrochemical plant and/or Refinery (7 CSs) | 1.10 (1.01–1.19) | 1.15 (1.00–1.30) | 1.24 (1.02–1.47) | 1.10 (0.85–1.36) | 1.13 (0.99–1.28) | 1.04 (0.83–1.24) |
Landfill (11 CSs) | 1.07 (1.02–1.13) | 1.08 (1.00–1.16) | 1.09 (0.96–1.23) | 1.06 (0.94–1.18) | 1.13 (0.94–1.32) | 0.97 (0.87–1.06) |
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Santoro, M.; Minichilli, F.; Pierini, A.; Astolfi, G.; Bisceglia, L.; Carbone, P.; Conti, S.; Dardanoni, G.; Iavarone, I.; Ricci, P.; et al. Congenital Anomalies in Contaminated Sites: A Multisite Study in Italy. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 292. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14030292
Santoro M, Minichilli F, Pierini A, Astolfi G, Bisceglia L, Carbone P, Conti S, Dardanoni G, Iavarone I, Ricci P, et al. Congenital Anomalies in Contaminated Sites: A Multisite Study in Italy. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14(3):292. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14030292
Chicago/Turabian StyleSantoro, Michele, Fabrizio Minichilli, Anna Pierini, Gianni Astolfi, Lucia Bisceglia, Pietro Carbone, Susanna Conti, Gabriella Dardanoni, Ivano Iavarone, Paolo Ricci, and et al. 2017. "Congenital Anomalies in Contaminated Sites: A Multisite Study in Italy" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 3: 292. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14030292