Lead Emissions and Population Vulnerability in the Detroit (Michigan, USA) Metropolitan Area, 2006–2013: A Spatial and Temporal Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area and Population Vulnerability
2.2. Lead Emissions
2.3. Lead Emission Modeling
2.4. Childhood IQ Impacts
2.5. Segregation and Lead Concentrations
3. Results
3.1. Study Area and Population Vulnerability
3.2. Lead emissions-Counties of Changing and Highest Concentrations
3.3. Lead Emission Modeling
3.4. Childhood IQ Impacts
3.5. Segregation and Lead Concentrations
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Authors Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Year | Emission Unit Stack Identifier | Process Identifier | USEPA Source Classification Code | Reported Annual Emissions Lead Pounds (kg) 2 | Release Point Stack Name ID | Release Point Orientation | Stack Height (ft) | Stack Diameter (ft) | Exit Gas Temp. (°F) | Exit Gas Flow Rate (ft3/min) | Exit Gas Velocity (ft/s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2006 | RG0096 | PR0001 | 10200602 | 0.05 (0.02) | SV0002 | Vertical | 250 | 10 | 380 | 5421.33 | 69 |
RG0096 | PR0002 | 10200204 | 804.27 (364.81) | FUG001 | Fugitive | 32.81 | |||||
2007 | RG0096 | PR0001 | 10200602 | 0.05 (0.02) | SV0002 | Vertical | 250 | 10 | 380 | 5421.33 | 69 |
RG0096 | PR0002 | 10200204 | 768.09 (348.40) | FUG001 | Fugitive | 32.81 | |||||
2008 | RG0096 | PR0001 | 10200602 | 0.01 (0.004) | SV0002 | Vertical | 250 | 10 | 380 | 5421.33 | 69 |
RG0096 | PR0002 | 10200204 | 726.12 (329.36) | FUG001 | Fugitive | 32.81 | |||||
2009 | RG0096 | RGPOWERHOUSE | 10200204 | 436.51 (198.00) | SV043 | Vertical | 250 | 120 | 380 | 325,280.00 | 69.03 |
RG0096 | RGPOWERHOUSE | 10200602 | 0.04 (0.02) | Non Listed | Non Listed | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | |
2010 | RG0096 | RGPOWERHOUSE | 10200204 | 442.71 (200.81) | SV043 | Vertical | 250 | 120 | 380 | 325,280.00 | 69.03 |
RG0096 | RGPOWERHOUSE | 10200602 | 0.04 (0.02) | Non Listed | Non Listed | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | |
2011 | RG0096 | RGPOWERHOUSE | 10200204 | 435.37 (197.48) | SV043 | Vertical | 250 | 120 | 380 | 325,280.00 | 69.03 |
RG0096 | RGPOWERHOUSE | 10200602 | 0.04 (0.02) | Non Listed | Non Listed | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | |
RG0126 | RGTEMPBOILERS | 10200602 | 0.002 (0.001) | ||||||||
2012 | RG0096 | RGPOWERHOUSE | 10200204 | 356.74 (161.81) | SV043 | Vertical | 250 | 120 | 380 | 325,280.00 | 69.03 |
RG0096 | RGPOWERHOUSE | 10200602 | 0.04 (0.02) | Non Listed | Non Listed | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | |
2013 | RG0096 | RGPOWERHOUSE | 10200204 | 439.40 (199.31) | SV043 | Vertical | 250 | 120 | 380 | 325,280.00 | 69.03 |
RG0096 | RGPOWERHOUSE | 10200602 | 0.01 (0.004) | Non Listed | Non Listed | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Potential Level for Standard (g/m3) | Air-Related Population Mean IQ Loss (Points) for Children Exposed at Level of the Standard | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Air-to-Blood Ratio of 1:3 | Air-to-Blood Ratio of 1:5 | Air-to-Blood Ratio of 1 | ||||
1st Group of C-R Functions (From Lower Blood Pb Analyses) | 2nd Group of Functions (from Higher Blood Pb Analyses) | 1st Group of C-R Functions (From Lower Blood Pb Analyses) | 2nd Group of C-R Functions (From Higher Blood Pb Analyses) | 1st Group of Functions (From Lower Blood Pb Analyses) | 2nd Group of Functions (From Higher Blood Pb Analyses) | |
0.50 | 2.9–3.1 | 1.4 | 4.1–4.3 | 2.3 | 5.0–5.3 | 3.2 |
0.40 | 2.4–2.6 | 1.1 | 3.5–3.8 | 1.8 | 4.4–4.6 | 2.5 |
0.30 | 1.5–2.6 | 0.8 | 2.9–3.1 | 1.4 | 3.6–3.9 | 1.9 |
0.20 | 1.0–1 8 | 0.5 | 1.7–2.9 | 0.9 | 2.7–3.0 | 1.3 |
0.10 | 0.5–09 | 0.3 | 0.9–1.5 | 0.5 | 1.2–2.1 | 0.6 |
0.05 | 0.3–0.4 | 0.14 | 0.4–0.7 | 0.2 | 0.6–1.0 | 0.3 |
0.02 | 0.1–0.2 | 0.05 | 0.2–0.3 | 0.09 | 0.2–0.4 | 0.1 |
Facility | Lead Emissions (kg) 1 | County |
---|---|---|
General Motors Hamtramck, Hamtramck | 2000.11 | Wayne |
Severstal Dearborn, L.L.C., Dearborn (AK Steel) | 889.60 | Wayne |
Detroit Edison Co., Pontiac North, L.L.C., Pontiac | 741.95 | Oakland |
Detroit Edison Co., Trenton Channel, Trenton | 639.76 | Wayne |
Pontiac Wastewater Treatment Plant, Pontiac | 509.68 | Oakland |
General Motors Corp., Orion Assembly, Lake Orion | 364.47 | Oakland |
St. Mary’s Cement, Detroit | 239.40 | Wayne |
Tony Angelo Cement Construction Co., Novi | 217.69 | Oakland |
U.S. Steel Great Lakes Works, Ecorse | 215.43 | Wayne |
Greater Detroit Resource Recovery, Detroit | 188.91 | Wayne |
EES Coke Battery, L.L.C., River Rouge | 179.89 | Wayne |
Detroit Edison River Rouge, River Rouge | 132.46 | Wayne |
Detroit Wastewater Treatment Plant, Detroit | 103.36 | Wayne |
Cadillac Asphalt Shelby Plant, Shelby | 65.93 | Macomb |
ACE Asphalt & Paving Co. Inc., Davisburg | 41.79 | Oakland |
Cadillac Asphalt, L.L.C., Clarkston | 36.48 | Oakland |
Warren Waste Water Treatment Plant, Warren | 35.54 | Macomb |
Ajax Materials Corp., Romulus | 9.87 | Wayne |
Ajax Materials Corp., Warren | 8.82 | Macomb |
Ajax Materials Corp., Rochester | 8.47 | Oakland |
Ajax Materials Corp., Auburn Hills | 8.39 | Oakland |
Ajax Materials Corp., New Haven | 8.26 | Macomb |
Marathon Petroleum Company, LP, Detroit | 7.62 | Wayne |
Ajax Materials Corp., Rockwood | 2.71 | Wayne |
Ajax Metal Processing, Detroit | 0.28 | Wayne |
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Moody, H.; Grady, S.C. Lead Emissions and Population Vulnerability in the Detroit (Michigan, USA) Metropolitan Area, 2006–2013: A Spatial and Temporal Analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 1445. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14121445
Moody H, Grady SC. Lead Emissions and Population Vulnerability in the Detroit (Michigan, USA) Metropolitan Area, 2006–2013: A Spatial and Temporal Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14(12):1445. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14121445
Chicago/Turabian StyleMoody, Heather, and Sue C. Grady. 2017. "Lead Emissions and Population Vulnerability in the Detroit (Michigan, USA) Metropolitan Area, 2006–2013: A Spatial and Temporal Analysis" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 12: 1445. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14121445