Humidity May Modify the Relationship between Temperature and Cardiovascular Mortality in Zhejiang Province, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Collection
2.2. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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City | Total CVD Deaths | Variable | Mean | Min | P25 | P50 | P75 | Max |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hangzhou | 14,376 | Humidity | 69.7 | 17.0 | 59.0 | 71.0 | 82.0 | 97.0 |
Temperature | 17.5 | −2.0 | 9.8 | 18.3 | 25.6 | 35.7 | ||
Huzhou | 8765 | Humidity | 73.9 | 26.0 | 67.0 | 76.0 | 82.0 | 99.0 |
Temperature | 16.9 | −1.5 | 9.6 | 18.0 | 24.3 | 32.3 | ||
Jiaxing | 11,793 | Humidity | 73.7 | 31.0 | 66.0 | 74.0 | 82.0 | 98.0 |
Temperature | 17.1 | −2.7 | 9.0 | 18.1 | 24.7 | 35.0 | ||
Jinhua | 13,730 | Humidity | 66.5 | 22.0 | 57.0 | 66.0 | 77.0 | 96.0 |
Temperature | 18.2 | −1.4 | 10.8 | 19.2 | 25.9 | 35.6 | ||
Lishui | 6098 | Humidity | 69.6 | 26.0 | 61.0 | 70.0 | 79.0 | 96.0 |
Temperature | 18.6 | −0.3 | 11.7 | 19.4 | 26.0 | 34.2 | ||
Ningbo | 13,037 | Humidity | 72.0 | 19.0 | 64.0 | 73.0 | 81.0 | 95.0 |
Temperature | 17.5 | −1.6 | 9.7 | 18.5 | 25.2 | 34.4 | ||
Quzhou | 5026 | Humidity | 72.9 | 36.0 | 64.0 | 72.0 | 83.0 | 98.0 |
Temperature | 17.7 | −1.5 | 10.4 | 18.5 | 25.4 | 34.7 | ||
Shaoxing | 14,815 | Humidity | 72.5 | 21.0 | 63.0 | 73.0 | 83.0 | 97.0 |
Temperature | 17.1 | −2.3 | 9.6 | 17.9 | 25.1 | 34.9 | ||
Taizhou | 14,782 | Humidity | 73.9 | 20.0 | 67.0 | 75.0 | 82.0 | 100.0 |
Temperature | 17.7 | 0 | 10.5 | 18.4 | 25.3 | 33.0 | ||
Wenzhou | 15,875 | Humidity | 74.6 | 26.0 | 67.0 | 76.0 | 84.0 | 99.0 |
Temperature | 18.6 | 0.7 | 11.7 | 19.2 | 25.9 | 32.2 | ||
Zhoushan | 2247 | Humidity | 75.5 | 28.0 | 66.0 | 78.0 | 86.0 | 97.0 |
Temperature | 16.3 | −1.8 | 9.2 | 17.4 | 23.2 | 31.8 | ||
Overall | 120,544 | Humidity | 72.3 | 17.0 | 64.0 | 73.0 | 82.0 | 100.0 |
Temperature | 17.6 | −2.7 | 10.2 | 18.4 | 25.1 | 35.7 |
CVD Deaths | Mean Temperature | Relative Humidity | Atmospheric Pressure | Wind Speed | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CVD deaths | 1.000 | ||||
Mean temperature | −0.241 ** | 1.000 | |||
Relative humidity | 0.035 * | 0.018 * | 1.000 | ||
Air pressure | 0.323 ** | −0.801 ** | −0.176 ** | 1.000 | |
Wind speed | −0.223 ** | −0.011 | −0.047 ** | −0.061 ** | 1.000 |
Lag Days | Humidity Level | Attributable Fraction (%, 95% Empirical CI) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Cold | Hot | ||
0–3 | Low-humidity | 9.30 (3.77, 12.94) | 4.32 (−0.14, 7.70) | 4.99 (2.27, 7.15) |
High-humidity | 11.80 (5.40, 16.32) | 6.55 (2.57, 9.47) | 5.24 (0.46, 8.56) | |
0–7 | Low-humidity | 11.63 (5.08, 15.68) | 7.59 (1.45, 11.76) | 4.04 (1.07, 6.24) |
High-humidity | 21.40 (12.03, 26.85) | 16.01 (8.52, 20.52) | 5.39, 0.51, 8.50) | |
0–14 | Low-humidity | 13.11 (6.58, 17.36) | 9.96 (3.69, 14.11) | 3.15 (0.56, 5.19) |
High-humidity | 25.59 (11.41, 33.12) | 20.34 (9.54, 25.69) | 5.26 (−3.29, 10.36) | |
0–21 | Low-humidity | 19.18 (3.43, 25.64) | 16.74 (0.89, 24.44) | 2.44 (−0.62, 4.38) |
High-humidity | 34.28 (12.93,41.56) | 31.36 (14.79,38.41) | 2.92 (−6.54, 7.70) |
Humidity Level | Attributable Fraction (%, 95% Empirical CI) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Cold | Hot | ||
Male | Low-humidity | 25.98 (10.98, 32.68) | 24.65 (9.01, 31.13) | 1.34 (−1.04, 2.59) |
High-humidity | 39.24 (24.66, 48.23) | 36.55 (21.62, 45.33) | 2.69 (−2.10, 4.73) | |
Female | Low-humidity | 21.83 (−12.61, 28.76) | 14.81 (−6.57, 21.93) | 7.02(−10.12, 12.63) |
High-humidity | 34.58 (−12.32, 40.23) | 18.70 (−16.99, 30.72) | 15.88 (−12.98, 22.63) | |
Age 0–74 | Low-humidity | 32.86 (−16.88, 31.42) | 23.23 (5.95, 28.79) | 9.63 (−13.94, 25.42) |
High-humidity | 37.83 (−12.75, 45.22) | 32.50 (2.87, 40.12) | 5.23 (−10.22, 15.32) | |
Age 75+ | Low-humidity | 24.89 (−9.15, 32.85) | 20.74 (−10.13, 28.88) | 4.15 (−1.23, 7.05) |
High-humidity | 33.42 (−4.10, 42.56) | 27.86 (−5.86, 37.48) | 5.56 (−8.71, 10.55) | |
Low-Education | Low-humidity | 18.15 (−10.91, 27.95) | 15.84 (−16.58, 25.71) | 2.30 (−0.37, 4.02) |
High-humidity | 33.06 (3.81, 41.37) | 31.39 (5.54, 40.14) | 1.67 (−2.64, 3.83) | |
High-Education | Low-humidity | 32.01 (−18.23, 43.22) | 29.06 (−7.32, 45.33) | 2.94 (−5.27, 4.51) |
High-humidity | 38.69 (−14.73, 47.33) | 33.82 (−10.22, 36.55) | 4.87 (−5.82, 13.35) | |
Coastal | Low-humidity | 23.13 (2.91, 31.32) | 19.91 (1.43, 29.97) | 3.22 (−2.42, 6.31) |
High-humidity | 33.85 (19.04, 42.29) | 27.25 (18.33, 35.14) | 6.59 (−6.78, 12.06) | |
Inland | Low-humidity | 22.13 (−8.53 ,35.54) | 15.58 (−19.33, 27.86) | 6.55 (−0.76, 12.32) |
High-humidity | 30.79 (−12.77, 40.67) | 29.25 (−12.87, 39.22) | 1.55 (−2.87, 3.16) |
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Zeng, J.; Zhang, X.; Yang, J.; Bao, J.; Xiang, H.; Dear, K.; Liu, Q.; Lin, S.; Lawrence, W.R.; Lin, A.; et al. Humidity May Modify the Relationship between Temperature and Cardiovascular Mortality in Zhejiang Province, China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 1383. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14111383
Zeng J, Zhang X, Yang J, Bao J, Xiang H, Dear K, Liu Q, Lin S, Lawrence WR, Lin A, et al. Humidity May Modify the Relationship between Temperature and Cardiovascular Mortality in Zhejiang Province, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14(11):1383. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14111383
Chicago/Turabian StyleZeng, Jie, Xuehai Zhang, Jun Yang, Junzhe Bao, Hao Xiang, Keith Dear, Qiyong Liu, Shao Lin, Wayne R. Lawrence, Aihua Lin, and et al. 2017. "Humidity May Modify the Relationship between Temperature and Cardiovascular Mortality in Zhejiang Province, China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 11: 1383. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14111383