Changes in Depressive Symptoms among Older Adults with Multiple Chronic Conditions: Role of Positive and Negative Social Support
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Sample and Design
2.2. Measures
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | 2006 (n = 11,400) | 2008 (n = 11,349) | 2010 (n = 10,950) | 2012 (n = 10,747) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) | |||||
CESD depression (0–8) | 1.48 (1.93) | 1.41 (1.91) | 1.34 (1.86) | 1.39 (1.89) | <0.001 |
Number of chronic conditions (0–6) | 2.37 (1.42) | 2.48 (1.44) | 2.59 (1.43) | 2.71 (1.45) | <0.001 |
Positive social support | |||||
From spouse (1–4) | 2.94 (1.01) | 2.95 (1.02) | 3.02 (0.99) | 2.97 (1.00) | 0.2147 |
From children (1–4) | 2.70 (1.04) | 2.71 (1.05) | 2.68 (1.04) | 2.69 (1.04) | 0.7066 |
From other family (1–4) | 2.23 (1.04) | 2.26 (1.04) | 2.22 (1.05) | 2.25 (1.04) | 0.3899 |
From friends (1–4) | 2.21 (1.05) | 2.24 (1.06) | 2.21 (1.04) | 2.25 (1.06) | 0.0784 |
Negative social support | |||||
From spouse (1–4) | 1.55 (0.48) | 1.55 (0.50) | 1.54 (0.48) | 1.54 (0.48) | 0.5833 |
From children (1–4) | 1.41 (0.42) | 1.39 (0.42) | 1.40 (0.43) | 1.39 (0.43) | 0.1192 |
From other family (1–4) | 1.33 (0.41) | 1.32 (0.42) | 1.32 (0.42) | 1.32 (0.43) | 0.2399 |
From friends (1–4) | 1.27 (0.34) | 1.25 (0.32) | 1.26 (0.32) | 1.26 (0.34) | 0.1206 |
CESD Depression | Positive Support | Negative Support | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coef. | p-Value | 95% CI | Coef. | p-Value | 95% CI | |||||
Model 1 | Spouse | Model 2 | Spouse | |||||||
MCC | 0.489 | <0.001 | 0.387 | 0.591 | 0.033 | 0.489 | −0.060 | 0.125 | ||
Support from spouse | −0.110 | 0.005 | −0.186 | −0.033 | 0.115 | 0.152 | −0.042 | 0.273 | ||
MCC × Support from spouse | −0.071 | <0.001 | −0.103 | −0.039 | 0.155 | <0.001 | 0.098 | 0.212 | ||
Intercept | 0.912 | 0.001 | 0.398 | 1.426 | 0.142 | 0.575 | −0.353 | 0.636 | ||
R-squared | 0.1513 | 0.1474 | ||||||||
Model 3 | Children | Model 4 | Children | |||||||
MCC | 0.367 | <0.001 | 0.294 | 0.439 | 0.112 | 0.007 | 0.031 | 0.193 | ||
Support from children | −0.148 | <0.001 | −0.205 | −0.090 | 0.162 | 0.042 | 0.006 | 0.318 | ||
MCC × Support from children | −0.017 | 0.166 | −0.040 | 0.007 | 0.141 | <0.001 | 0.086 | 0.196 | ||
Intercept | 0.218 | 0.284 | −0.181 | 0.618 | −0.324 | 0.156 | −0.772 | 0.124 | ||
R-squared | 0.1306 | 0.1374 | ||||||||
Model 5 | Other family | Model 6 | Other family | |||||||
MCC | 0.340 | <0.001 | 0.280 | 0.400 | 0.084 | 0.034 | 0.006 | 0.161 | ||
Support from other family | −0.054 | 0.050 | −0.109 | 0.000 | 0.091 | 0.231 | −0.058 | 0.240 | ||
MCC × Support from other family | −0.018 | 0.118 | −0.041 | 0.005 | 0.163 | <0.001 | 0.107 | 0.219 | ||
Intercept | 0.330 | 0.097 | −0.059 | 0.719 | −0.057 | 0.797 | −0.488 | 0.375 | ||
R-squared | 0.1196 | 0.1341 | ||||||||
Model 7 | Friend | Model 8 | Friend | |||||||
MCC | 0.298 | <0.001 | 0.241 | 0.354 | 0.111 | 0.01 | 0.027 | 0.196 | ||
Support from friend | −0.047 | 0.09 | −0.101 | 0.007 | 0.049 | 0.601 | −0.135 | 0.234 | ||
MCC × Support from friend | 0.004 | 0.713 | −0.019 | 0.027 | 0.151 | <0.001 | 0.087 | 0.216 | ||
Intercept | 0.231 | 0.253 | −0.165 | 0.628 | −0.091 | 0.682 | −0.530 | 0.347 | ||
R-squared | 0.1133 | 0.1208 |
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Ahn, S.; Kim, S.; Zhang, H. Changes in Depressive Symptoms among Older Adults with Multiple Chronic Conditions: Role of Positive and Negative Social Support. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 16. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14010016
Ahn S, Kim S, Zhang H. Changes in Depressive Symptoms among Older Adults with Multiple Chronic Conditions: Role of Positive and Negative Social Support. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14(1):16. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14010016
Chicago/Turabian StyleAhn, SangNam, Seonghoon Kim, and Hongmei Zhang. 2017. "Changes in Depressive Symptoms among Older Adults with Multiple Chronic Conditions: Role of Positive and Negative Social Support" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 1: 16. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14010016
APA StyleAhn, S., Kim, S., & Zhang, H. (2017). Changes in Depressive Symptoms among Older Adults with Multiple Chronic Conditions: Role of Positive and Negative Social Support. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(1), 16. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14010016