Importance of Macrophyte Quality in Determining Life-History Traits of the Apple Snails Pomacea canaliculata: Implications for Bottom-Up Management of an Invasive Herbivorous Pest in Constructed Wetlands
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Field Collection of Snails and Macrophyte Leaves
2.2. Regression between Snail Biomass and Different Morphological Parameters
2.3. Experiment 1: Snail Feeding and Growth Responses
2.4. Experiment 2: Snail Fecundity Performance
2.5. Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Macrophytes
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Snail Feeding and Growth Responses
3.2. Snail Fecundity Performance
3.3. Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Macrophytes
3.4. Influence of Macrophyte Characteristics on Snail Life-History Traits
4. Discussion
4.1. Snail Feeding and Growth Performance
4.2. Snail Fecundity Performance
4.3. Implications for Bottom-up Control for the Apple Snails in Constructed Wetlands
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Macrophyte | Type | N | P | Phenolics | Cellulose | Lignin | Toughness |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ipomoea | AC | 4.28 ± 0.91 A | 0.70 ± 0.17 A | 0.22 ± 0.01 C | 8.60 ± 1.39 C | 1.75 ± 0.90 BC | 58.86 ± 16.63 D |
Commelina | E | 3.72 ± 0.19 AB | 0.75 ± 0.03 A | 1.89 ± 1.26 B | 15.34 ± 1.27 B | 2.17 ± 0.07 B | 79.54 ± 11.35 C |
Nymphoides | FL | 3.23 ± 0.34 B | 0.45 ± 0.04 B | 2.57 ± 0.05 AB | 21.13 ± 1.19 AB | 1.13 ± 0.39 C | 116.41 ± 20.57 B |
Acorus | E | 2.18± 0.10 C | 0.36 ± 0.06 B | 3.08 ± 0.07 A | 22.11 ± 1.18 A | 1.11 ± 0.58 C | 176.65 ± 25.44 A |
Phragmites | E | 2.38 ± 0.30 C | 0.34 ± 0.05 B | 0.30 ± 0.01 C | 24.85 ± 1.09 A | 6.64 ± 0.57 A | 237.69 ± 38.57 A |
Macrophyte | Plant Consumption | SH-Growth | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean % Feeding | F | Mean % SH-Growth | F | |
Ipomoea | 57.18 ± 27.25 | 147.78 *** | 29.82 ± 8.61 | 78.41 *** |
Commelina | 25.17 ± 8.58 | 249.76 *** | 17.43 ± 3.78 | 72.56 *** |
Nymphoides | 48.15 ± 18.83 | 189.65 *** | 14.53 ± 5.16 | 62.23 *** |
Acorus | 2.66 ± 1.07 | 177.31 *** | 1.46 ± 0.92 | 1.56 NS |
Phragmites | 1.33 ± 0.79 | 82.49 *** | 0.75 ± 0.55 | 0.55 NS |
Macrophyte Trait | N | P | Phenolics | Cellulose | Lignin |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
P | 0.831 | ||||
Phenolics | −0.603 | NS | |||
Cellulose | −0.715 | −0.418 | 0.541 | ||
Lignin | −0.387 | −0.513 | −0.564 | NS | |
Toughness | −0.690 | −0.705 | NS | 0.555 | 0.749 |
Snail Life-History Trait | Constant | Nutrients | Defensive Traits | Adj. R2 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | P | Phenolics | Cellulose | Lignin | Toughness | |||
Feeding rate | 0.359 | 0.364 | −0.081 | −0.008 | 0.78 | |||
SH-growth | 0.080 | 0.018 | −0.002 | −0.001 | 0.84 | |||
DM-growth | 2.268 | 0.520 | −0.006 | −0.012 | 0.76 | |||
No. of clutches per female | 4.870 | 0.127 | −0.211 | −0.181 | 0.41 | |||
Clutch size | 71.429 | 66.814 | −12.914 | −1.664 | 0.60 | |||
Egg hatching success | 67.449 | −11.821 | −2.410 | 0.23 |
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Yam, R.S.W.; Fan, Y.-T.; Wang, T.-T. Importance of Macrophyte Quality in Determining Life-History Traits of the Apple Snails Pomacea canaliculata: Implications for Bottom-Up Management of an Invasive Herbivorous Pest in Constructed Wetlands. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13, 248. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13030248
Yam RSW, Fan Y-T, Wang T-T. Importance of Macrophyte Quality in Determining Life-History Traits of the Apple Snails Pomacea canaliculata: Implications for Bottom-Up Management of an Invasive Herbivorous Pest in Constructed Wetlands. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2016; 13(3):248. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13030248
Chicago/Turabian StyleYam, Rita S. W., Yen-Tzu Fan, and Tzu-Ting Wang. 2016. "Importance of Macrophyte Quality in Determining Life-History Traits of the Apple Snails Pomacea canaliculata: Implications for Bottom-Up Management of an Invasive Herbivorous Pest in Constructed Wetlands" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13, no. 3: 248. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13030248