Heavy Metals in Surface Soils in the Upper Reaches of the Heihe River, Northeastern Tibetan Plateau, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. General Setting of the Study Area
2.2. Soil Sampling
2.3. Chemical Analyses
2.4. Statistics
2.5. Multivariate Analyses
2.6. Risk Assessment
2.6.1. Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo)
2.6.2. Enrichment Factor (EF)
2.6.3. Potential Ecological Risk Index (PERI)
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Basic Statistics and Concentration Comparisons
3.2. Probability Distribution
3.3. Correlation Coefficient Analysis (CCA)
3.4. Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
3.5. Cluster Analysis (CA)
3.6. Spatial Distributions
3.7. Environmental Risk Assessment
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Element | Raw Data | Log-Transformed Data | UCC a | World Soils | China Soils d | Tibet Soils e | Latest Tibet Soils f | Qinghai Soils g | China Soil Quality Standard h | |||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Min | Max | Mean | Median | S.D. | V.C. | Skewness | Kurtosis | K-S p | Skewness | Kurtosis | K-S p | Mean | Mean | Mean | Mean | Median | Min | Max | Mean | Median | Mean | Median | Class 1 | Class 2 | Class 3 | |
Cr | 14.91 | 214.25 | 57.29 | 44.30 | 38.91 | 0.68 | 1.881 | 4.496 | 0.082 | 0.281 | −0.223 | 0.949 | 35 | 70 b | 61.0 | 77.4 | 69.6 | 17.77 | 3429 | 155.54 | 60.06 | 70.1 | 63.3 | 90 | 350 | 400 |
Mn | 413.19 | 1807.32 | 818.84 | 794.29 | 257.96 | 0.32 | 1.978 | 6.168 | 0.349 | 0.573 | 1.579 | 0.835 | 527 | 1000 b | 583 | 626 | 586 | 224.6 | 1776 | 617.36 | 591.45 | 580 | 570 | |||
Ni | 13.97 | 395.73 | 70.22 | 40.78 | 71.04 | 1.01 | 2.917 | 9.691 | 0.004 | 1.023 | 0.807 | 0.092 | 18.6 | 40 c | 26.9 | 32.1 | 29.8 | 6.108 | 2045 | 55.86 | 26.55 | 29.6 | 29.1 | 40 | 60 | 200 |
Cu | 18.04 | 551.01 | 56.38 | 37.49 | 75.16 | 1.33 | 5.863 | 38.303 | 0.000 | 1.728 | 5.231 | 0.417 | 14.3 | 30 b | 22.6 | 21.9 | 19.7 | 6.14 | 107.9 | 24.27 | 22.30 | 22.2 | 22.3 | 35 | 100 | 400 |
Zn | 31.87 | 830.06 | 178.68 | 135.81 | 151.31 | 0.85 | 2.726 | 8.493 | 0.002 | 0.494 | 0.925 | 0.481 | 52 | 90 b | 74.2 | 73.7 | 71.9 | 31.39 | 315 | 75.59 | 64.45 | 80.3 | 75.7 | 100 | 300 | 500 |
As | 1.12 | 60.80 | 21.60 | 19.73 | 10.40 | 0.48 | 1.774 | 4.517 | 0.054 | −2.369 | 13.053 | 0.156 | 2 | 7.2 b | 11.2 | 18.7 | 17.2 | 1.834 | 154.5 | 19.27 | 15.32 | 14.0 | 13.0 | 15 | 25 | 40 |
Cd | 0.20 | 5.90 | 2.93 | 2.92 | 1.47 | 0.50 | 0.180 | −0.664 | 0.809 | −1.687 | 3.621 | 0.181 | 0.102 | 0.35 b | 0.097 | 0.08 | 0.074 | 0.028 | 0.849 | 0.141 | 0.108 | 0.137 | 0.132 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 1 |
Pb | 3.78 | 225.52 | 37.35 | 22.72 | 41.32 | 1.11 | 2.753 | 8.687 | 0.001 | 0.419 | 0.419 | 0.518 | 17 | 35 b | 26.0 | 28.9 | 27.7 | 9.787 | 153.9 | 32.15 | 26.08 | 20.9 | 20.4 | 35 | 350 | 500 |
TOC | 0.44 | 12.33 | 3.41 | 2.37 | 2.65 | 0.78 | 1.354 | 1.677 | 0.108 | −0.126 | −0.631 | 0.969 |
Value | Soil Quality | Value | Enrichment Level | Value | Ecological Risk |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Igeo < 0 | Practically uncontaminated | EF < 2 | Deficiency to minimal enrichment | RI < 150 | Low risk |
0 < Igeo < 1 | Uncontaminated to moderately contaminated | 2 < EF < 5 | Moderate enrichment | 150 ≤ RI < 300 | Moderate risk |
1 < Igeo < 2 | Moderately contaminated | 5 < EF < 20 | Significant enrichment | 300 ≤ RI < 600 | Considerable risk |
2 < Igeo < 3 | Moderately to heavily contaminated | 20 < EF < 40 | Very high enrichment | 600 ≤ RI | High risk |
3 < Igeo < 4 | Heavily contaminated | 40 < EF | Extremely high enrichment | ||
4 < Igeo < 5 | Heavily to extremely contaminated | ||||
5 < Igeo | Extremely contaminated |
Cr | Mn | Ni | Cu | Zn | As | Cd | Pb | TOC | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cr | 0.412 | 0.000 | 0.173 | 0.124 | 0.001 | 0.302 | 0.013 | 0.063 | |
Mn | 0.031 | 0.105 | 0.021 | 0.227 | 0.075 | 0.105 | 0.245 | 0.450 | |
Ni | 0.671 | 0.177 | 0.208 | 0.065 | 0.003 | 0.335 | 0.045 | 0.001 | |
Cu | 0.134 | 0.283 | 0.115 | 0.286 | 0.046 | 0.007 | 0.274 | 0.296 | |
Zn | −0.163 | −0.106 | −0.213 | 0.080 | 0.295 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.311 | |
As | 0.441 | 0.203 | 0.383 | 0.236 | −0.076 | 0.083 | 0.365 | 0.142 | |
Cd | −0.074 | 0.177 | 0.061 | 0.337 | 0.555 | 0.195 | 0.002 | 0.260 | |
Pb | −0.309 | −0.098 | −0.237 | 0.085 | 0.416 | −0.049 | 0.400 | 0.242 | |
TOC | 0.215 | −0.018 | 0.427 | -0.076 | −0.070 | 0.151 | 0.091 | 0.099 |
Element | Rotated Component Matrix | Communities | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
F1 | F2 | F3 | F4 | ||
Cr | 0.885 | −0.179 | −0.094 | 0.061 | 0.827 |
Mn | 0.015 | −0.099 | 0.908 | 0.081 | 0.842 |
Ni | 0.755 | −0.145 | 0.114 | 0.419 | 0.780 |
Cu | 0.311 | 0.298 | 0.574 | −0.307 | 0.609 |
Zn | −0.058 | 0.822 | −0.172 | −0.165 | 0.736 |
As | 0.695 | 0.107 | 0.239 | 0.010 | 0.552 |
Cd | 0.136 | 0.816 | 0.292 | 0.040 | 0.771 |
Pb | −0.299 | 0.719 | −0.021 | 0.223 | 0.656 |
TOC | 0.210 | 0.077 | -0.032 | 0.907 | 0.874 |
Initial Eigenvalue | 2.455 | 2.033 | 1.282 | 0.878 | |
Percent of variance | 27.277 | 22.593 | 14.239 | 9.754 | |
Cumulative percent | 27.277 | 49.869 | 64.109 | 73.862 |
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Bu, J.; Sun, Z.; Zhou, A.; Xu, Y.; Ma, R.; Wei, W.; Liu, M. Heavy Metals in Surface Soils in the Upper Reaches of the Heihe River, Northeastern Tibetan Plateau, China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13, 247. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13030247
Bu J, Sun Z, Zhou A, Xu Y, Ma R, Wei W, Liu M. Heavy Metals in Surface Soils in the Upper Reaches of the Heihe River, Northeastern Tibetan Plateau, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2016; 13(3):247. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13030247
Chicago/Turabian StyleBu, Jianwei, Ziyong Sun, Aiguo Zhou, Youning Xu, Rui Ma, Wenhao Wei, and Meng Liu. 2016. "Heavy Metals in Surface Soils in the Upper Reaches of the Heihe River, Northeastern Tibetan Plateau, China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13, no. 3: 247. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13030247