Impact of Geographic Location on Vitamin D Status and Bone Mineral Density
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods and Materials
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Laboratory and Nutritional Assessment
2.3. Lifestyle Questionnaires
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. General Characteristics of Study Subjects Categorized by Region and Age
Men (n = 7064) | ||||
North (37° N) | Middle (36° N) | South (33° N~36° N) | p | |
Numbers, n (%) | 3428 (48.5) | 824 (11.7) | 2811 (39.8) | |
Age (years) | 39.9 (0.4) | 44.0 (1.0) | 41.3 (0.6) | <0.001 |
Body weight (kg) | 69.9 (0.3) | 69.0 (0.7) | 68.0 (0.3) | <0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.0 (0.1) | 24.0 (0.2) | 23.5 (0.1) | <0.001 |
Fat mass (kg) | 16.1 (0.2) | 15.5 (0.3) | 14.8 (0.2) | <0.001 |
Calcium intake (mg/d) | 570.8 (8.3) | 550.8 (18.9) | 567.9 (9.5) | 0.629 |
25OHD (nmol/L) | 46.0 (0.7) | 52.7 (1.7) | 51.1 (0.9) | <0.001 |
FNBMD (g/cm2) | 0.834 (0.003) | 0.808 (0.007) | 0.827 (0.004) | 0.004 |
LSBMD (g/cm2) | 0.959 (0.003) | 0.949 (0.007) | 0.963 (0.004) | 0.244 |
Smoking *, n (% †) | ||||
Current | 1336 (44.1) | 312 (41.5) | 1156 (45.6) | <0.001 |
Past and never | 1696 (55.9) | 440 (58.5) | 1380 (54.4) | |
Alcohol intake *, n (% †) | ||||
Yes | 2282 (75.7) | 552 (73.5) | 1887 (74.4) | <0.001 |
No | 733 (24.3) | 199 (26.5) | 648 (25.6) | |
Physical activity *, n (% †) | ||||
Yes | 329 (10.9) | 146 (19.4) | 375 (14.8) | <0.001 |
No | 2701 (89.1) | 606 (80.6) | 2160 (85.2) | |
Occupation *, n (% †) | ||||
Indoor workers | 2904 (84.7) | 687 (83.4) | 2423 (86.2) | <0.001 |
Outdoor workers | 243 (7.1) | 87 (10.6) | 192 (6.8) | |
No jobs | 282 (8.2) | 50 (6.1) | 196 (7.0) | |
Women (n = 6779) | ||||
North (37° N) | Middle (36° N) | South (33° N~36° N) | p | |
Numbers, n (%) | 3182 (46.9) | 826 (12.2) | 2771 (40.9) | |
Age (years) | 37.0 (0.4) | 42.6 (1.5) | 42.5 (0.7) | 0.001 |
Body weight (kg) | 56.5 (0.2) | 56.4 (0.3) | 56.5 (0.2) | 0.975 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 22.7 (0.1) | 23.0 (0.2) | 22.9 (0.1) | 0.173 |
Fat mass (kg) | 18.9 (0.2) | 18.8 (0.3) | 18.4 (0.2) | 0.079 |
Calcium intake (mg/d) | 448.0 (6.7) | 400.3 (10.4) | 448.7 (8.9) | <0.001 |
25OHD (nmol/L) | 39.7 (0.6) | 44.1 (1.5) | 44.6 (0.8) | <0.001 |
FNBMD (g/cm2) | 0.725 (0.003) | 0.706 (0.009) | 0.720 (0.004) | 0.132 |
LSBMD (g/cm2) | 0.922 (0.004) | 0.892 (0.010) | 0.918 (0.004) | 0.029 |
Smoking *, n (% †) | ||||
Current | 196 (6.8) | 43 (5.8) | 108 (4.3) | <0.001 |
Past and never | 2668 (93.2) | 695 (94.2) | 2420 (95.7) | |
Alcohol intake *, n (% †) | ||||
Yes | 1178 (41.4) | 261 (35.4) | 945 (37.4) | <0.001 |
No | 1670 (58.6) | 477 (64.6) | 1583 (62.6) | |
Physical activity *, n (% †) | ||||
Yes | 254 (8.9) | 178 (24.2) | 384 (15.2) | <0.001 |
No | 2610 (91.1) | 559 (75.8) | 2144 (84.8) | |
Occupation *, n (% †) | ||||
Indoor workers | 2737 (86.0) | 695 (84.1) | 2398 (86.5) | <0.001 |
Outdoor workers | 252 (7.9) | 79 (9.6) | 208 (7.5) | |
No jobs | 193 (6.1) | 52 (6.3) | 165 (6.0) |
Age Groups of Men (n = 7064) | |||||
10~29 (n = 1574) | 30~49 (n = 2548) | 50~69 (n = 2164) | ≥70 (n = 778) | p | |
Age (years) | 20.0 (0.2) | 39.6 (0.2) | 57.7 (0.2) | 75.2 (0.2) | |
Body weight (kg) | 66.1 (0.4) | 71.9 (0.3) | 67.7 (0.3) | 61.4 (0.4) | <0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 22.5 (0.1) | 24.4 (0.1) | 24.1 (0.1) | 22.8 (0.1) | <0.001 |
Fat mass (kg) | 15.1 (0.2) | 16.2 (0.2) | 15.2 (0.2) | 14.3 (0.3) | <0.001 |
Calcium intake (mg/d) | 539.8 (10.0) | 592.0 (8.0) | 579.1 (9.2) | 453.5 (14.5) | <0.001 |
25OHD (nmol/L) | 42.7 (0.5) | 47.9 (0.5) | 53.2 (0.7) | 52.4 (1.0) | <0.001 |
Physical activity, n (%) | 123 (14.4) | 331 (13.0) | 293 (13.6) | 103 (13.4) | 0.162 |
FNBMD (g/cm2) | 0.887 (0.005) | 0.840 (0.003) | 0.776 (0.003) | 0.674 (0.005) | <0.001 |
LSBMD (g/cm2) | 0.939 (0.006) | 0.983 (0.003) | 0.955 (0.004) | 0.915 (0.008) | <0.001 |
Geography *, n (%) | |||||
North (37° N) | 832 (52.9) | 1296 (50.9) | 976 (45.1) | 325 (41.8) | |
Middle (36° N) | 151 (9.6) | 267 (10.5) | 286 (13.2) | 120 (15.4) | |
South (33° N~35° N) | 591 (37.5) | 985 (38.6) | 902 (41.7) | 333 (42.8) | |
Age Groups of Women (n = 6779) | |||||
10~29 (n = 1554) | 30~49 (n = 2630) | 50~69 (n = 1747) | ≥70 (n = 848) | p | |
Age (years) | 19.7 (0.2) | 39.6 (0.1) | 57.8 (0.2) | 76.1 (0.2) | |
Body weight (kg) | 53.4 (0.3) | 58.0 (0.2) | 58.2 (0.2) | 53.3 (0.4) | <0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 20.9 (0.1) | 23.0 (0.1) | 24.5 (0.1) | 24.0 (0.1) | <0.001 |
Fat mass (kg) | 17.5 (0.2) | 18.9 (0.1) | 20.1 (0.2) | 18.4 (0.3) | <0.001 |
Calcium intake (mg/d) | 438.7 (8.2) | 469.2 (6.3) | 449.2 (9.1) | 327.0 (11.5) | <0.001 |
25OHD (nmol/L) | 38.9 (0.5) | 40.9 (0.5) | 44.9 (0.5) | 44.2 (0.7) | <0.001 |
Physical activity, n (%) | 92 (9.8) | 325 (12.4) | 304 (17.6) | 95 (11.3) | <0.001 |
FNBMD (g/cm2) | 0.763 (0.004) | 0.761 (0.003) | 0.665 (0.003) | 0.531 (0.004) | <0.001 |
LSBMD (g/cm2) | 0.917 (0.004) | 0.996 (0.003) | 0.843 (0.004) | 0.730 (0.006) | <0.001 |
Geography *, n (%) | |||||
North (37° N) | 806 (51.9) | 1358 (51.6) | 714 (40.9) | 304 (35.8) | |
Middle (36° N) | 192 (12.3) | 255 (9.7) | 248 (14.2) | 131 (15.5) | |
South (33° N~36° N) | 556 (35.8) | 1017 (38.7) | 785 (44.9) | 413 (48.7) |
3.2. Serum 25(OH)D Concentrations Categorized by Geographic Location and Age
3.3. Bone Mineral Density Categorized by Geographic Location and Age
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author contributions
Conflicts of interest
References
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Yeum, K.-J.; Song, B.C.; Joo, N.-S. Impact of Geographic Location on Vitamin D Status and Bone Mineral Density. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13, 184. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13020184
Yeum K-J, Song BC, Joo N-S. Impact of Geographic Location on Vitamin D Status and Bone Mineral Density. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2016; 13(2):184. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13020184
Chicago/Turabian StyleYeum, Kyung-Jin, Byeng Chun Song, and Nam-Seok Joo. 2016. "Impact of Geographic Location on Vitamin D Status and Bone Mineral Density" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13, no. 2: 184. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13020184
APA StyleYeum, K. -J., Song, B. C., & Joo, N. -S. (2016). Impact of Geographic Location on Vitamin D Status and Bone Mineral Density. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 13(2), 184. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13020184