Occurrence of Perfluorooctanoic Acid and Perfluorooctane Sulfonate in Milk and Yogurt and Their Risk Assessment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Samples
2.2. Chemicals and Materials
2.3. Sample Preparation and Instrumental Analysis
2.4. Quality Control and Quality Assurance
2.5. Risk Assessment and Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Concentrations of PFOS and PFOA in Milk and Yogurt
3.2. Comparison of PFOS and PFOA Concentrations in Samples from Different Areas of Xinjiang
3.3. Source Analysis of PFOA and PFOS in Milk and Yogurt
3.4. Preliminary Health Risk Assessment for the General Xinjiang Population
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Analyte | Mass Transition a | Fragment (V) | CE (V) | RT (min) | LOD (ng/L) | LOQ (ng/L) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PFOS | 499.0→99.0 | 160 | 55 | 6.7 | 10 | 30 |
499.0→80.0 | 160 | 72 | ||||
PFOA | 412.8→368.8 | 70 | 4 | 2.0 | 5 | 15 |
412.8→168.9 | 70 | 16 |
Type | PFOA 1 | PFOS 1 |
---|---|---|
Retail milk, n = 91 | ||
Range | <5.0–151.8 | <10.0–172.9 |
Mean | 16.2 | 24.5 |
Frequency values > LOD (%) | 33.0 | 39.6 |
Raw milk, n = 24 | ||
Range | <10.0–25.1 | |
Mean | 2.2 | |
Frequency values > LOD (%) | 12.5 | |
Yogurt, n = 54 | ||
Range | <5.0–279.9 | <10.0–200.6 |
Mean | 22.6 | 31.8 |
Frequency values > LOD (%) | 37.0 | 48.1 |
Areas | Type | Number | PFOA | PFOS | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Max | Mean | Frequency | Max | Mean | Frequency | |||
Urumqi | aM | 36 | 151.8 | 27.1 | 47.2 | 172.9 | 35.7 | 50.0 |
bY | 10 | 279.9 | 39.1 | 50.0 | 200.6 | 48.2 | 60.0 | |
1Changji | M | 10 | 79.0 | 16.6 | 40.0 | 95.8 | 20.8 | 40.0 |
Y | 14 | 199.9 | 27.7 | 42.9 | 117.3 | 36.3 | 50.0 | |
Shihezi | M | 12 | 65.6 | 9.3 | 25.0 | 74.8 | 13.7 | 25.0 |
Y | 6 | 54.0 | 15.7 | 33.3 | 91.4 | 24.0 | 33.3 | |
Shawan | M | 12 | 56.8 | 7.5 | 16.7 | 53.8 | 12.1 | 25.0 |
Y | 6 | 77.0 | 12.8 | 16.7 | 84.3 | 22.2 | 33.3 | |
Korla | M | 7 | 42.3 | 16.9 | 42.9 | 88.2 | 32.0 | 57.1 |
Y | 6 | 94.9 | 23.1 | 50.0 | 152.7 | 34.7 | 50.0 | |
Yanqi | M | 7 | <LOD | <LOD | 0 | 49.8 | 13.6 | 28.6 |
Y | 6 | 28.4 | 4.7 | 16.7 | 45.0 | 14.9 | 33.3 | |
Aksu | M | 7 | 15.1 | 2.2 | 14.3 | 81.5 | 14.7 | 28.6 |
Y | 6 | 66.7 | 11.1 | 16.7 | 88.1 | 19.0 | 50.0 |
Group | DCmilk g/day | ADI ng/kg/day a | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
PFOA | PFOS | |||
Area1 | North | 123 | 0.0328 | 0.0495 |
South | 15 | 0.0040 | 0.0060 | |
Area2 | Urban | 135 | 0.0360 | 0.0543 |
Rural | 54 | 0.0144 | 0.0217 | |
Gender | Male | 71 | 0.0190 | 0.0286 |
Female | 77 | 0.0205 | 0.0310 | |
Race | Han Chinese | 118 | 0.0314 | 0.0474 |
Uighur | 32 | 0.0086 | 0.0129 | |
Others | 120 | 0.0320 | 0.0483 |
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Xing, Z.; Lu, J.; Liu, Z.; Li, S.; Wang, G.; Wang, X. Occurrence of Perfluorooctanoic Acid and Perfluorooctane Sulfonate in Milk and Yogurt and Their Risk Assessment. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13, 1037. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13101037
Xing Z, Lu J, Liu Z, Li S, Wang G, Wang X. Occurrence of Perfluorooctanoic Acid and Perfluorooctane Sulfonate in Milk and Yogurt and Their Risk Assessment. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2016; 13(10):1037. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13101037
Chicago/Turabian StyleXing, Zhenni, Jianjiang Lu, Zilong Liu, Shanman Li, Gehui Wang, and Xiaolong Wang. 2016. "Occurrence of Perfluorooctanoic Acid and Perfluorooctane Sulfonate in Milk and Yogurt and Their Risk Assessment" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13, no. 10: 1037. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13101037