Morbid Obesity in Disasters: Bringing the “Conspicuously Invisible” into Focus
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Disturbing Accounts
3. Unique Challenges
4. Conclusions
“It’s weird that you’re invisible, and yet you’re so conspicuous.”(Participant 003, female)
Limitations
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Hughes, J.D. Chapter 7 Responses to Natural Disasters in the Greek and Roman World. In Forces of Nature and Cultural Responses; Pfeifer, K., Pfeifer, N., Eds.; Springer: Heidleberg, Germany, 2013; pp. 111–137. [Google Scholar]
- Fink, S. Five Days at Memorial: Life and Death at a Storm-Ravaged Hospital; Atlantic Books Ltd.: New York, NY, USA, 2013; pp. p. 297 and p. 313. [Google Scholar]
- Fink, S. The deadly choices at Memorial. N. Y. Times Mag. 2009, 30, 28–46. [Google Scholar]
- Adkins, C. Disaster preparedness: Safe evacuation of non-ambulatory patients. Hospital News, 2008. [Google Scholar]
- Taylor, I.L. Surviving Hurricane Katrina. Pharos Alpha Omega Alpha Honor Med. Soc. 2014, 78, 6–12. [Google Scholar]
- Ramme, A.J.; Shaleen, V.; McLaurin, T.M. Superstorm Sandy’s Forgotten Patient: A lesson in Emergency Preparedness in Severe Obesity. Obesity 2015, 23, 253–254. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ofri, D. The Storm and the Aftermath. N. Engl. J. Med. 2012, 367, 2265–2267. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Geiling, J. Critical care of the morbidly obese in disaster. Crit. Care Clin. 2010, 26, 703–714. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gardner, L.; Gibbs, C. Class III obese patients: Is your hospital equipped to address their needs. PA. Patient Saf. Auth. 2013, 10, 11–18. [Google Scholar]
- Baggett, J. Florida disasters and chronic disease conditions. Prev. Chron. Dis. 2006, 3, 1–3. [Google Scholar]
- Saunders, J.M. Vulnerable populations in an American Red Cross shelter after hurricane Katrina. Perspect. Psychiatr. Care 2007, 43, 30–37. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gamble, J.L.; Balbus, J.; Berger, M.; Bouye, K.; Campbell, V.; Chief, K.; Conlon, K.; Crimmins, A.; Flanagan, B.; Gonzalez-Maddux, C.; et al. Ch. 9: Populations of Concern. In The Impacts of Climate Change on Human Health in the United States: A Scientific Assessment; U.S. Global Change Research Program: Washington, DC, USA, 2016; pp. 247–286. [Google Scholar]
- Smith, D.L.; Notaro, S.J. Is emergency preparedness a “disaster” for people with disabilities in the US? Results from the 2006–2012 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). Disabil. Soc. 2015, 30, 401–418. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wyte-Lake, T.; Claver, M.; Dalton, S.; Dobalian, A. Disaster planning for home health patients and providers: A literature review of best practices. Home Health Care Manag. Pract. 2015, 27, 247–255. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mullaney, K. Weight Stigma in Healthcare: Utilizing an Educational Presentation to Reduce Potential Obesity Bias in Nursing Students. Available online: http://digitalcommons.brockport.edu/honors/130 (accessed on 14 September 2016).
- Obesity Action Coalition. Risks Associated with Morbid Obesity. 2010. Available online: http://www.obesityaction.org/aboutobesity/morbidobesity/mo.php (accessed on 11 September 2016).
- Hemingway, L.; Priestley, M. Natural Hazards, Human Vulnerability and Disabling Societies: A Disaster for Disabled People? Available online: http://www.rds.hawaii.edu/ojs/index.php/journal/article/view/337/1037 (accessed on 14 September 2016).
- McDermott, S.; Martin, K.; Gardner, J.D. Disaster response for people with disability. Disabil. Health J. 2016, 9, 183–185. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bethel, J.W.; Foreman, A.N.; Burke, S.C. Disaster preparedness among medically vulnerable populations. Am. J. Prev. Med. 2011, 40, 139–143. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Boatright, J.R. Transporting the morbidly obese patient: Framing an EMS challenge. J. Emerg. Nurs. 2002, 28, 326–329. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gillings, J. Special Needs Population: Emergency Management of Bariatric Patients. Available online: http://www.naccho.org/topics/emergency/AHPIP/loader.cfm?csModule=security/getfile&pageid=150910 (accessed on 23 March 2016).
- Napolitano, L.M.; Park, P.K.; Sihler, K.C.; Papadimos, T.; Chenoweth, C.; Cinti, S.; Zalewski, C.; Sharangpani, R.; Somsel, P.; Wells, E.; et al. Intensive-care patients with severe novel influenza A (H1N1) virus infection-Michigan. MMWR 2009, 58, 749–752. [Google Scholar]
- Jain, S.; Kamimoto, L.; Bramley, A.M.; Schmitz, A.M.; Benoit, S.R.; Louie, J.; Sugerman, D.E.; Druckenmiller, J.K.; Ritger, K.A.; Chugh, R.; et al. Hospitalized patients with 2009 H1N1 influenza in the United States, April–June 2009. N. Engl. J. Med. 2009, 361, 1935–1944. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Louie, J.K.; Acosta, M.; Winter, K.; Jean, C.; Gavali, S.; Schechter, R.; Vugia, D.; Harriman, K.; Matyas, B.; Glaser, C.A.; et al. Factors associated with death or hospitalization due to pandemic 2009 influenza A(H1N1) infection in California. JAMA 2009, 302, 1896–1902. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kumar, A.; Zarychanski, R.; Pinto, R.; Cook, D.J.; Marshall, J.; Lacroix, J.; Stelfox, T.; Bagshaw, S.; Choong, K.; Lamontagne, F.; et al. Critically ill patients with 2009 influenza A(H1N1) infection in Canada. JAMA 2009, 302, 1872–1879. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yu, H.; Feng, Z.; Uyeki, T.M.; Liao, Q.; Zhou, L.; Feng, L.; Ye, M.; Xiang, N.; Huai, Y.; Yuan, Y.; et al. Risk factors for severe illness with 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus infection in China. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2011, 52, 457–465. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- ANZIC Influenza Investigators. Critical care services and 2009 H1N1 influenza in Australia and New Zealand. N. Engl. J. Med. 2009, 361, 1925–1934. [Google Scholar]
- King, S.; Kildea, S.; Austin, M.P.; Brunet, A.; Cobham, V.E.; Dawson, P.A.; Harris, M.; Hurrion, E.M.; Laplante, D.P.; McDermott, B.M.; et al. QF2011: A protocol to study the effects of the Queensland flood on pregnant women, their pregnancies, and their children’s early development. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2015, 15, 1. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- King, S.; Dancause, K.; Turcotte-Tremblay, A.M.; Veru, F.; Laplante, D.P. Using natural disasters to study the effects of prenatal maternal stress on child health and development. Birth Defects Res. C Embryo Today 2012, 96, 273–288. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lurie, N. H1N1 influenza, public health preparedness and health care reform. N. Engl. J. Med. 2009, 361, 843–845. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ringel, J.S.; Chandra, A.; Williams, M.; Ricci, K.A.; Felton, A.; Adamson, D.M.; Weden, M.M.; Huang, M. Enhancing Public Health Emergency Preparedness for Special Needs Populations. Available online: http://www.rand.org/pubs/technical_reports/TR681.html (accessed 10 September 2016).
- Hawaii Disaster Medical Assistance Team. Treatment Protocols: Bariatric Patients during Mass Casualty Events. 2010. Available online: http://iroquois.org/userfiles/HP%20Bariatric%20Patients%20During%20Mass%20Casulaty%20Events.pdf (accessed on 13 September 2016).
- Long, W.; McGary, B.; Jauch, E. EMS Challenges with Bariatric Patients—Part 1. 2011. Available online: http://carolinafirejournal.com/Articles/Article-Detail/articleid/1586/ems-challenges-with-bariatric-patients (accessed on 2 March 2016).
- Long, W.; McGary, B.; Jauch, E.; Lundy, D. EMS Challenges with Bariatric Patients—Part 2. 2011. Available online: http://carolinafirejournal.com/Articles/Article-Detail/articleid/1767/ems-challenges-of-bariatric-patients (accessed on 1 September 2016).
- ASPR. Planning Considerations for the Extremely Obese in Disasters and Public Health Emergencies. Available online: http://www.phe.gov/Preparedness/planning/abc/Documents/obesity.pdf (accessed on 10 September 2016).
- Gardner, L.A. Caring for class III obese patients. Am. J. Nurs. 2013, 113, 66–70. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Apatu, E.J.I.; Aga, D.; Osland, E.; Gregg, C.E. Strengthening public health and disaster resilience in American Samoa: The use of the precede-proceed model. Planet Risk 2014, 2, 363–369. [Google Scholar]
- World Health Organization Western Pacific Region. WHO Country Cooperation Strategy for America Samoa 2013–2017; WHO: Geneva, Switzerland, 2012. [Google Scholar]
- OECD. Obesity Update. Available online: http://www.oecd.org/els/health-systems/Obesity-Update-2014.pdf (accessed on 17 August 2016).
- Britton, N.R.; Clark, G.J. From response to resilience: Emergency management reform in New Zealand. Nat. Hazards Rev. 2000, 1, 145–150. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ministry of Health. Annual Update of Key Results 2014/15: New Zealand Health Survey; Ministry of Health: Wellington, New Zealand, 2015.
- Ng, M.; Fleming, T.; Robinson, M.; Thomson, B.; Graetz, N.; Margono, C.; Mullany, E.C.; Biryukov, S.; Abbafati, C.; Abera, S.F.; et al. Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980–2013: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet 2014, 384, 766–781. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gortmaker, S.L.; Swinburn, B.A.; Levy, D.; Carter, R.; Mabry, P.L.; Finegood, D.T.; Huang, T.; Marsh, T.; Moodie, M.L. Changing the future of obesity: Science, policy, and action. Lancet 2011, 378, 838–847. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Swinburn, B.A.; Sacks, G.; Hall, K.D.; McPherson, K.; Finegood, D.T.; Moodie, M.L.; Gortmaker, S.L. The global obesity pandemic: Shaped by global drivers and local environments. Lancet 2011, 378, 804–814. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hales, C.; Gray, L. Simulating Size: Attitudes and Perceptions of Health Care Workers 2016; Victoria University of Wellington & University of Otago: Wellington, New Zealand, 2016; unpublished work. [Google Scholar]
© 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Gray, L.; MacDonald, C. Morbid Obesity in Disasters: Bringing the “Conspicuously Invisible” into Focus. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13, 1029. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13101029
Gray L, MacDonald C. Morbid Obesity in Disasters: Bringing the “Conspicuously Invisible” into Focus. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2016; 13(10):1029. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13101029
Chicago/Turabian StyleGray, Lesley, and Carol MacDonald. 2016. "Morbid Obesity in Disasters: Bringing the “Conspicuously Invisible” into Focus" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13, no. 10: 1029. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13101029
APA StyleGray, L., & MacDonald, C. (2016). Morbid Obesity in Disasters: Bringing the “Conspicuously Invisible” into Focus. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 13(10), 1029. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13101029