The Ala54Thr Polymorphism of the Fatty Acid Binding Protein 2 Gene Modulates HDL Cholesterol in Mexican-Americans with Type 2 Diabetes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Methods
2.2. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
Ala54Thr Genotype b /Polymorphism | G/G (Ala/Ala) | G/A (Ala/Thr) | A/A (Thr/Thr) | Thr54 Allele Carrier | Allele Frequency | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | Ala54 | Thr54 | |
En Balance Mexican-Americans | ||||||||||
All | 17 | 39.5% | 18 | 41.9% | 8 | 18.6% | 26 | 60.5% | 0.60 | 0.40 |
Males | 5 | 45.5% | 3 | 27.3% | 3 | 27.3% | 6 | 54.5% | 0.59 | 0.41 |
Females | 12 | 37.5% | 15 | 46.9% | 5 | 15.6% | 20 | 62.5% | 0.61 | 0.39 |
Polymorphism | Ala/Ala | Ala/Thr and Thr/Thr | Mean Difference | p-Value b | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | Mean ± SD | n | Mean ± SD | ± Standard Error | ||
Age (years) | 17 | 54.0 ± 10.6 | 26 | 52.6 ± 10.5 | 1.34 ± 3.31 | 0.654 |
Fasting Blood Glucose (mg/dl) | 17 | 148.5 ± 74.4 | 26 | 171.6 ± 72.8 | 23.1 ± 22.9 | 0.269 |
HbA1c (%) | 17 | 8.1 ± 2.6 | 26 | 8.1 ± 2.3 | 0.03 ± 0.78 | 0.804 |
Insulin (uU/mL) | 17 | 15.1 ± 10.2 | 26 | 13.3 ± 9.7 | 1.78 ± 3.10 | 0.611 |
HOMA-IR c | 15 | 4.39 ± 2.3 | 25 | 5.13 ± 3.1 | 0.73 ± 0.94 | 0.459 |
Total Cholesterol (mg/dl) | 17 | 191.7 ± 41.0 | 26 | 184.6 ± 41.1 | 7.01 ± 12.82 | 0.628 |
HDL Cholesterol (mg/dl) | 17 | 51.0 ± 12.5 | 26 | 42.8 ± 7.1 | 8.25 ± 3.01 | 0.030 * |
LDL Cholesterol (mg/dl) | 17 | 118.5 ± 37.4 | 26 | 114.0 ± 31.0 | 4.51 ± 10.51 | 0.785 |
Cholesterol: HDL ratio | 17 | 3.9 ± 1.1 | 26 | 4.3 ± 1.0 | 0.45 ± 0.34 | 0.132 |
Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 17 | 187.3 ± 159.6 | 26 | 220.8 ± 90.1 | 33.4 ± 38.1 | 0.036 * |
BIA: Fat Mass (kg) | 16 | 31.8 ± 12.4 | 24 | 34.9 ± 13.9 | 3.01 ± 4.31 | 0.590 |
BIA: Fat % | 16 | 37.8 ± 10.4 | 24 | 41.0 ± 8.3 | 3.15 ± 2.98 | 0.362 |
BIA: Fat-free Mass (kg) | 16 | 48.7 ± 10.5 | 23 | 47.8 ± 8.7 | 0.88 ± 3.10 | 0.932 |
Weight (kg) | 16 | 80.0 ± 18.3 | 26 | 82.0 ± 18.5 | 2.09 ± 5.87 | 0.806 |
Waist Circumference (cm) | 17 | 99.3 ± 13.6 | 26 | 101.0 ± 13.5 | 1.73 ± 4.23 | 0.593 |
Hip Circumference (cm) | 17 | 110.5 ± 15.3 | 26 | 110.9 ± 16.0 | 0.48 ± 4.92 | 0.794 |
Waist to Hip Ratio | 17 | 0.90 ± 0.06 | 26 | 0.91 ± 0.06 | 0.01 ± 0.02 | 0.747 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 17 | 32.1 ± 6.7 | 26 | 32.6 ± 7.3 | 0.54 ± 2.27 | 0.907 |
DXA: Trunk Fat (kg) | 17 | 15.9 ± 6.7 | 26 | 16.4 ± 6.4 | 0.55 ± 2.05 | 0.785 |
DXA: Trunk Lean (kg) | 17 | 25.2 ± 4.9 | 26 | 25.6 ± 4.8 | 0.36 ± 1.52 | 0.980 |
DXA: Trunk Percent Fat (%) | 17 | 37.0 ± 9.7 | 26 | 37.6 ± 8.6 | 0.63 ± 2.83 | 0.941 |
DXA: Total Fat (kg) | 17 | 30.2 ± 11.4 | 26 | 31.5 ± 13.1 | 1.39 ± 3.90 | 0.882 |
DXA: Total Lean (kg) | 17 | 49.0 ± 10.3 | 26 | 49.2 ± 9.7 | 0.15 ± 3.11 | 0.960 |
DXA: Total Percent Fat (%) | 17 | 36.5 ± 9.3 | 26 | 37.1 ± 8.9 | 0.60 ± 2.84 | 0.891 |
Polymorphism | Ala/Ala (n = 17) | Ala/Thr and Thr/Thr (n = 26) | Within b Subjects p-Value | Between c Subjects p-Value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline | Three-Month | Mean Difference | Baseline | Three-Month | Mean Difference | |||
Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | ± SD | |||
FBG (mg/dl) | 148.5 ± 74.4 | 133.9 ± 47.6 | −14.5 ± 60.3 | 171.6 ± 72.8 | 149.0 ± 65.2 | −22.69 ± 34.7 | 0.014 * | 0.332 |
HbA1c (%) | 8.1 ± 2.6 | 7.0 ± 1.2 | −1.03 ± 1.91 | 8.1 ± 2.3 | 7.5 ± 2.0 | −0.64 ± 1.18 | 0.001 * | 0.714 |
Insulin (uU/mL) | 15.1 ± 10.2 | 15.4 ± 9.5 | 0.34 ± 7.12 | 13.3 ± 9.7 | 15.0 ± 14.6 | 1.64 ± 7.59 | 0.395 | 0.742 |
HOMA-IR d | 4.39 ± 2.3 | 4.28 ± 2.5 | −0.11 ± 2.85 | 5.13 ± 3.1 | 4.28 ± 2.4 | −0.84 ± 1.83 | 0.203 | 0.649 |
Total Cholesterol (mg/dl) | 191.7 ± 41.0 | 178.8 ± 50.4 | −12.8 ± 30.4 | 184.6 ± 41.1 | 174.6 ± 50.2 | −10.0 ± 37.5 | 0.042 * | 0.674 |
HDL Cholesterol (mg/dl) | 51.0 ± 12.5 | 49.0 ± 12.3 | −2.00 ± 7.90 | 42.8 ± 7.1 | 44.2 ± 8.2 | 1.42 ± 5.84 | 0.785 | 0.029 * |
LDL Cholesterol (mg/dl) | 118.5 ± 37.4 | 108.5 ± 39.1 | −10.0 ± 29.4 | 114.0 ± 31.0 | 105.8 ± 34.9 | −8.19 ± 27.2 | 0.045 * | 0.722 |
Cholesterol: HDL ratio | 3.9 ± 1.1 | 3.8 ± 1.2 | −0.12 ± 0.83 | 4.3 ± 1.0 | 4.0 ± 1.0 | −0.36 ± 0.69 | 0.041 * | 0.310 |
Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 187.3 ± 159.6 | 172.7 ± 114.3 | −14.5 ± 86.3 | 220.8 ± 90.1 | 200.9 ± 121.6 | −19.8 ± 82.2 | 0.195 | 0.387 |
BIA: Fat Mass (kg) | 31.8 ± 12.4 | 29.9 ± 12.1 | −1.97 ± 4.41 | 34.9 ± 13.9 | 33.3 ± 13.8 | −1.54 ± 1.93 | 0.001 * | 0.453 |
BIA: Fat % | 37.8 ± 10.4 | 36.6 ± 9.8 | −1.24 ± 3.11 | 41.0 ± 8.3 | 39.4 ± 8.7 | −1.57 ± 1.73 | 0.001 * | 0.317 |
BIA: Fat-free Mass (kg) | 48.7 ± 10.5 | 49.2 ± 10.6 | 0.52 ± 1.91 | 47.8 ± 8.7 | 48.4 ± 8.7 | 0.60 ± 1.51 | 0.046 * | 0.787 |
Weight (kg) | 80.0 ± 18.3 | 79.6 ± 17.2 | −0.39 ± 3.21 | 82.0 ± 18.5 | 81.6 ± 18.5 | −0.41 ± 2.19 | 0.339 | 0.720 |
Waist Circumference (cm) | 99.3 ± 13.6 | 97.9 ± 11.5 | −1.34 ± 5.75 | 101.0 ± 13.5 | 99.2 ± 14.4 | −1.86 ± 4.98 | 0.059 | 0.721 |
Hip Circumference (cm) | 110.5 ± 15.3 | 110.8 ± 13.0 | 0.31 ± 4.05 | 110.9 ± 16.0 | 110.4 ± 15.6 | −0.53 ± 2.85 | 0.829 | 0.989 |
Waist to Hip ratio | 0.90 ± 0.06 | 0.88 ± 0.04 | −0.02 ± 0.06 | 0.91 ± 0.06 | 0.90 ± 0.06 | −0.01 ± 0.05 | 0.072 | 0.454 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 32.1 ± 6.7 | 31.7 ± 6.1 | −0.39 ± 1.32 | 32.6 ± 7.3 | 32.2 ± 7.3 | −0.44 ± 0.85 | 0.017 * | 0.817 |
DXA: Trunk Fat (kg) | 15.9 ± 6.7 | 15.5 ± 5.8 | −0.36 ± 1.42 | 16.4 ± 6.4 | 16.0 ± 6.6 | −0.43 ± 0.74 | 0.021 * | 0.798 |
DXA: Trunk Lean (kg) | 25.2 ± 4.9 | 25.3 ± 5.2 | 0.06 ± 1.06 | 25.6 ± 4.8 | 25.5 ± 4.7 | −0.08 ± 1.04 | 0.962 | 0.849 |
DXA: Trunk Percent Fat (%) | 37.0 ± 9.7 | 36.8 ± 8.9 | −0.20 ± 2.12 | 37.6 ± 8.6 | 36.9 ± 8.8 | −0.73 ± 1.41 | 0.089 | 0.895 |
DXA: Total Fat (kg) | 30.2 ± 11.4 | 29.5 ± 10.6 | −0.62 ± 1.97 | 31.5 ± 13.1 | 30.9 ± 13.0 | −0.64 ± 1.37 | 0.017 * | 0.721 |
DXA: Total Lean (kg) | 49.0 ± 10.3 | 49.2 ± 10.8 | −0.15 ± 1.89 | 49.2 ± 9.7 | 49.2 ± 10.0 | 0.02 ± 1.40 | 0.786 | 0.983 |
DXA: Total Percent Fat (%) | 36.5 ± 9.3 | 36.1 ± 9.2 | −0.31 ± 1.35 | 37.1 ± 8.9 | 36.5 ± 9.0 | −0.53 ± 1.09 | 0.028 * | 0.863 |
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Files
Supplementary File 1Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Salto, L.M.; Bu, L.; Beeson, W.L.; Firek, A.; Cordero-MacIntyre, Z.; De Leon, M. The Ala54Thr Polymorphism of the Fatty Acid Binding Protein 2 Gene Modulates HDL Cholesterol in Mexican-Americans with Type 2 Diabetes. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13, 52. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13010052
Salto LM, Bu L, Beeson WL, Firek A, Cordero-MacIntyre Z, De Leon M. The Ala54Thr Polymorphism of the Fatty Acid Binding Protein 2 Gene Modulates HDL Cholesterol in Mexican-Americans with Type 2 Diabetes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2016; 13(1):52. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13010052
Chicago/Turabian StyleSalto, Lorena M., Liming Bu, W. Lawrence Beeson, Anthony Firek, Zaida Cordero-MacIntyre, and Marino De Leon. 2016. "The Ala54Thr Polymorphism of the Fatty Acid Binding Protein 2 Gene Modulates HDL Cholesterol in Mexican-Americans with Type 2 Diabetes" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13, no. 1: 52. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13010052